Say “Neigh” to Abuse: On the Treatment of Horses and Mules in the Civil War

The stuffed head of Old Baldy, General George Meade’s favorite horse, can be found mounted on the wall of the Grand Army of the Republic Museum in Philadelphia. General Robert E. Lee’s horse, Traveler, received gifts and international adoration even after the war’s end, and General Ulysses S. Grant’s three war mounts, including one pony stolen from a plantation belonging to Jeff Davis’ brother, rested comfortably in fame and verdant pastures until the ends of their lives [excerpt]

Osteochondrosis lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur in four ponies

Lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge (LTR) of the distal femur were investigated in four pony or pony cross horses. The animals were all geldings and were six to 15 months of age. Lesions were bilateral in three ponies and unilateral in one. Femoropatellar joint effusion and lameness were present in two ponies; clinical signs were absent in the others. The proximal LTR was affected in all four animals. The radiographic appearance of the lesions was a subchondral defect containing mineralised bodies. Arthroscopic and postmortem examination findings included an osteochondral flap, a fissured or irregular articular surface and a smooth surface overlying focally thickened cartilage that extended into subchondral bone. Thickened articular cartilage was a histological feature of all the lesions. Among the other histological features, the most common were chondronecrosis, chondrocyte clusters, phenotypically abnormal chondrocytes, horizontal fissures at the osteochondral junction and retained blood vessels. The signalment of the four ponies, their clinical signs and the pathological features of their lesions were consistent with osteochondrosis of the LTR in horses. The use of multiple criteria was considered to be important in making a specific diagnosis

Komposisi Ikan Petek (Leiognathidae) Di Perairan Barat Sumatra [Composition of Pony Fish (Leiognathidae) in West of Sumatra Waters]

The research was conducted on August, 2005 and August, 2006 using RV. Bawal Putih. Result of this research shows that Pony fish (Leiognathidaej was the largest family catched 59.85 % (2005) and 49.74 % (2006). There was three genera of Leiognathidae catched in West of Sumatra waters namely Leiognathus (10 species), Secutor (2 species) and Gaza (1 species). The highest catch of the pony fish was a Leiognathus bindus 59.85% (2005) and 49.74% (2006), (by average size 8.0 - 8.5 cm (FL)). The largest size of pony fish in west of Sumatra waters was a Leiognathus fasciatus (with average size 18.0 cm (FL) and range size 13.0 - 20.5 cm). Vertically distribution of Leiognatidae was in the waters 41 - 50 m in depth, especially for Leiognathus bindus

pony - The occam-pi Network Environment

Although concurrency is generally perceived to be a `hard' subject, it can in fact be very simple --- provided that the underlying model is simple. The occam-pi parallel processing language provides such a simple yet powerful concurrency model that is based on CSP and the pi-calculus. This paper presents pony, the occam-pi Network Environment. occam-pi and pony provide a new, unified, concurrency model that bridges inter- and intra-processor concurrency. This enables the development of distributed applications in a transparent, dynamic and highly scalable way. The first part of this paper discusses the philosophy behind pony, explains how it is used, and gives a brief overview of its implementation. The second part evaluates pony's performance by presenting a number of benchmarks

Aspects of dietary management and dynamics of the faecal microbiota of horses and ponies (Equus caballus) in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

The following were removed for copyright reasons but may be accessed via their sources listed in the Bibliography: Fig 2.2 p. 19 (=Fig 1), 2.3 p. 29 (=Fig 15 p. 414 & Fig 11 p. 410); 2.6 p. 45 (=Fig 2); 2.7 p. 54 (=Fig 3); 2.8 p. 57 (=Fig 4); Fig 2.9 p. 62 (=Fig 2); 2.10 p. 66 (=Fig 2A); 2.11 p. 67 (=Fig 2); and Table 2.5 p. 46 (=Table 4); 2.6 p. 46 (=Table 2); 2.7 p. 47 (=Table 3); 2.8 p. 48 (=Table 1). The following published articles were removed from Appendix G for copyright reasons: G-2 (pp. 421-431), G-3, G-4, G-5 (pp. 447-451).The aim of this thesis was to explore aspects of the dietary management of horses and ponies in New Zealand, and to investigate the association between dietary management and faecal microbiota. To achieve this aim, a series of observational and intervention studies were conducted. The first two studies were cross-sectional surveys of feeding, health and management practices, which showed that most horses and ponies in New Zealand were managed continuously on pasture all year round, with no seasonal differences in the hours allowed for grazing. In addition to pasture, many owners fed their animals a combination of premixed feeds, cereals (oats) and conserved forages. Most horses and ponies kept on pasture were reported to be healthy. Among nutrition-related health issues reported by the owner, obesity, colic, laminitis and grass staggers were most commonly reported (12-14%). Using a standard body condition scoring chart, 22% of owners indicated that their horse or pony was overweight (scored ≥ 7 on a 1-9 scale). Horses and ponies kept on pasture maintained body weight and a higher body condition (median score of 6 on a 1-9 scale) through spring and autumn. A high proportion of pony breeds were observed in this population, and these ponies remained ‘fat’ despite the seasonal fluctuation in the quantity and quality of pasture. Owners tended to underestimate the body condition of their horses, especially ponies, and this finding indicated why a higher percentage of overweight animals may be present in the Pony Club population. The next two studies were observational investigations that characterised the faecal microbiota of forage-fed horses. The faecal microbiota in a cohort of yearling Thoroughbred horses that were abruptly transitioned from an ensiled chopped forage-based diet to pasture was diet-specific and responded rapidly to dietary change within four days. The faecal microbiota profile was dominated by two phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which comprised of several bacterial genera. The abundance of bacterial genera fluctuated over the three-week observation period, when kept at pasture. Similarly, the faecal microbiota of a cohort of mature adult Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses kept on pasture was diet-specific. The abundances of the bacterial genera were influenced by the nutrient composition of the pasture, which was also correlated with seasonal changes in climate (rainfall and temperature) over the one year observation period. This latter finding indicated that the fluctuations observed in the previous study may also be due to changes in pasture composition. The inclusion of hay in the diet appeared to buffer the changes occurring in the faecal microbiota as a result of the seasonal fluctuations in pasture composition, but there was also a large degree of variation between individual horses. The final study was a randomised controlled trial using adult Thoroughbred horses that were kept in loose boxes and fed four forage-based diets. The first phase of the trial identified that the mean retention time of digesta was associated with the dry matter intake of the feed consumed. There was a significant difference in the quantity of feed consumed by individual horses, which appeared to be driven by the moisture content in the forage diets. The second phase of the trial showed that the population of the faecal microbiota was resilient following abrupt dietary transition between four forage-based diets. These findings indicated why the horses in the previous study may have maintained body weight and condition, despite the seasonal fluctuation in the quantity and quality of pasture. This thesis highlights the complexity of the equine faecal microbiota, and demonstrates that the relationship of dietary dry matter intake and mean retention time of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract influences the population dynamics of the faecal bacterial community

Laminitis: risk factors and outcome in a group of Danish horses

Reasons for performing study: Recent systematic reviews have highlighted the lack of quality information with respect to the epidemiology of equine laminitis. Objectives: To identify in Denmark the risk factors for new (i.e. not believed to have suffered from laminitis previously) cases of laminitis (NL) and to look at the outcome and incidence of repeated episodes of laminitis in these animals as well as those which had previously suffered an episode of laminitis (i.e. chronic cases) over the following 12 months. Methods: Information was obtained from 110 veterinary diagnosed cases of laminitis (69 new and 41 chronic) and 80 control animals (the next non-laminitic horse/pony seen by that participating practice). All animals were followed for up to one year. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression was conducted for the NL case control pairs. Variables were retained within the final multivariable models if the likelihood ratio p-value was < 0.05. Results: There was no association between sex or gender and laminitis. A recent change of grass, being on what was considered high quality grass and being a cold-blooded type, <149cm ( i.e. Shetland, Fell, Welsh, or Dartmoor pony, Icelandic horse, Norwegian fjords, or a mix of these breeds) were all significant risk factors for laminitis. Although cresty neck score (CNS), and body condition Score (BCS), were significantly associated with NL at the univariable screening stage, they were found to be confounders of breed and each other during the multivariable model building process. Other factors such as weight, and estimated starch intake were not found to be significant .Thirty three percent of all the laminitis cases had been humanely destroyed within 12 months of diagnosis, mainly for laminitis associated reasons, compared with only 7.5% of the controls (none for laminitis associated reasons). Conclusions: and potential Relevance: This study confirms the importance of grass turn out and breed on laminitis risk. Horses in work at the time of diagnosis as well as those diagnosed in the winter and spring were more likely to be humanely destroyed within the next 12 months than those not in work or diagnosed in the autumn and summer

Perceptual simulation in conceptual tasks

No abstract available

First grade reading materials of high interest level for children from the ages of seven through twelve.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit