Thermal Diffusivity Identification of Distributed Parameter Systems to Sea Ice

A method of optimal control is presented as a numerical tool for solving the sea ice heat transfer problem governed by a parabolic partial differential equation. Taken the deviation between the calculated ice temperature and the measurements as the performance criterion, an optimal control model of distributed parameter systems with specific constraints of thermal properties of sea ice was proposed to determine the thermal diffusivity of sea ice. Based on sea ice physical processes, the parameterization of the thermal diffusivity was derived through field data. The simulation results illustrated that the identified parameterization of the thermal diffusivity is reasonably effective in sea ice thermodynamics. The direct relation between the thermal diffusivity of sea ice and ice porosity is physically significant and can considerably reduce the computational errors. The successful application of this method also explained that the optimal control model of distributed parameter systems in conjunction with the engineering background has great potential in dealing with practical problems

Effect of curing conditions and harvesting stage of maturity on Ethiopian onion bulb drying properties

The study was conducted to investigate the impact of curing conditions and harvesting stageson the drying quality of onion bulbs. The onion bulbs (Bombay Red cultivar) were harvested at three harvesting stages (early, optimum, and late maturity) and cured at three different temperatures (30, 40 and 50 oC) and relative humidity (30, 50 and 70%). The results revealed that curing temperature, RH, and maturity stage had significant effects on all measuredattributesexcept total soluble solids

Merging remotely sensed data with geophysical models

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1996Geophysical models are usually derived from the idealistic viewpoint that all required external parameters are, in principle, measurable. The models are then driven with the best available data for those parameters. In some cases, there are few measurements available, because of factors such as the location of the phenomena modeled. Satellite imagery provides a synoptic overview of a particular environment, supplying spatial and temporal variability as well as spectral data, making this an ideal source of data for some models. In other cases, although frequent satellite image observations are available, they are of little use to the modeler, because they do not provide values for the parameters demanded by the model. This thesis contains two examples of geophysical models that were derived expressly to utilize measurements and qualitative observations taken from satellite images as the major driving elements of the model. The methodology consists of designing a model such that it can be 'run' by numerical data extracted from image data sets, and using the image data for verification of the model or adjustment of parameters. The first example is a thermodynamic model of springtime removal of nearshore ice from an Arctic river delta area, using the Mackenzie River as a study site. In this example, a multi-date sequence of AVHRR images is used to provide the spatial and temporal patterns of melt, allowing the required physical observations in the model to be parameterized and tested. The second example is a dynamic model simulating the evolution of a volcanic ash cloud under the influence of atmospheric winds. In this case, AVHRR images are used to determine the position and size of the ash cloud as a function of time, allowing tuning of parameters and verification of the model

Evaluation of the ground surface Enthalpy balance from bedrock shallow borehole temperatures (Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctic)

International audienceThe annual evolution of the ground temperatures from Incinerador borehole in Livingston Island (South Shetlands, Antarctic) is studied. The borehole is 2.4 m deep and is located in a quartzite outcrop in the proximity of the Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I. In order to model the movement of the 0°C isotherm (velocity and maximum depth) hourly temperature profiles from: (i) the cooling periods of the frost seasons of 2000 to 2005, and (ii) the warming periods of the thaw seasons of 2002?2003, 2003?2004 and 2004?2005, were studied. In this modelling approach, heat gains and losses across ground surface are considered to be the causes for the 0°C isotherm movement. A methodological approach to calculate the Enthalpy change based on the thermodynamic analysis of the ground during the cooling and warming periods is proposed. The Enthalpy change is equivalent to the heat exchange through the ground surface during each season, thus enabling to describe the interaction ground-atmosphere and providing valuable data for studies on permafrost and periglacial processes. The bedrock density is considered to be constant in the borehole and initial isothermal conditions at 0°C are assumed to run the model. The final stages correspond to the temperatures at the end of the cooling and warming periods (annual minima and maxima)

Regional modelling of permafrost thicknesses over the past 130 ka: implications for permafrost development in Great Britain

The greatest thicknesses of permafrost in Great Britain most likely occurred during the last glacial–interglacial cycle, as this is when some of the coldest conditions occurred during the last 1 000 000 years. The regional development of permafrost across Great Britain during the last glacial–interglacial cycle was modelled from a ground surface temperature history based on mean annual temperatures and the presence of glacier ice. To quantify the growth and decay of permafrost, modelling was undertaken at six locations across Great Britain that represent upland glaciated, lowland glaciated, upland unglaciated and lowland unglaciated conditions. Maximum predicted permafrost depths derived in this academic study range between several tens of metres to over 100 m depending upon various factors including elevation, glacier ice cover, geothermal heat flux and air temperature. In general, the greatest maximum permafrost thicknesses occur at upland glaciated locations, with minimum thickness at lowland sites. Current direct geological evidence for permafrost is from surface or shallow processes, mainly associated with the active layer. Further research is recommended to identify the imprint of freeze/thaw conditions in permanently frozen porous rocks from beneath the active layer

Groundwater flow modelling under past ice-sheets : insight into paleo-recharge in the northern Baltic Artesian Basin

Des données de terrain et des études de modélisation ont montré que la recharge d'eau de fonte sous les calottes glaciaires peut avoir un impact important et durable sur l'écoulement des eaux souterraines. En Estonie, au nord du Bassin Artésien Balte (BAB), ce mécanisme de recharge est invoqué pour expliquer la présence d’importants volumes d'eaux souterraines marquées par un signal isotopique et géochimique glaciaire caractéristique, étant donné que la région a connu plusieurs glaciations durant le Pléistocène et a été entièrement recouverte par la calotte Fennoscandienne au cours du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire (DMG), il y a 20000 ans environ. Cette étude vise à tester cette hypothèse à l’aide de simulations numériques. En premier lieu, une étude conceptuelle a été effectuée pour déterminer quels processus sous-glaciaires doivent être représentés dans un modèle numérique qui reproduise adéquatement les écoulements souterrains et le transport de solutés. Les processus suivants ont été étudiés: la recharge sous-glaciaire d'eau de fonte, la déformation poroélastique du milieu poreux sous le poids de la glace, l’isostasie, l’évolution du drainage en surface, le permafrost et les écoulements densitaires impliquant des eaux douces de fonte et des saumures profondes. Ces processus ont été simulés dans un modèle représentant un bassin sédimentaire conceptuel, au cours d'un épisode glaciaire suivi d'une période postglaciaire. Le transport de trois traceurs d’eau glaciaire a été simulé: δ18O, solides dissouts et âge de l’eau. Les résultats montrent que la simulation de la recharge sous-glaciaire avec une condition-limite de type 1 (Dirichlet) n'est pertinente que pour des flux de faible amplitude, ce qui pourrait être le cas sous des calottes glaciaires dont la base n’est que partiellement en fusion. La compression de la matrice rocheuse diminue les surpressions, qui apparaissent uniquement dans les couches à faible diffusivité hydraulique et épaisses. Si la recharge sous-glaciaire est faible, la compression de la matrice rocheuse peut entraîner des sous-pressions après le retrait de la calotte glaciaire. L’isostasie réduit considérablement l'infiltration d'eau de fonte et les écoulements d'eau souterraine. Sous la couche de pergélisol, l'écoulement des eaux souterraines est réduit en-dessous de la calotte glaciaire mais augmente en région périglaciaire. Tenir compte des variations de densité en lien avec la salinité diminue l'infiltration d'eau de fonte en profondeur. Cette étude montre que chaque processus sous-glaciaire est potentiellement important et devrait être pris en compte dans des modèles d’écoulement des eaux souterraines et de transport de solutés en milieu sous-glaciaire. Cependant, il est raisonnable de ne représenter que la recharge sous-glaciaire si les informations manquent pour décrire correctement les autres processus. Par conséquent, ce seul processus a été simulé pour reproduire les écoulements d'eau souterraine sous la calotte Fennoscandienne dans le BAB. Les simulations ont été réalisées dans deux modèles 2D verticaux, afin de vérifier si la recharge sous-glaciaire d’eau de fonte peut expliquer la distribution particulière de δ18O (un traceur d’eau de fonte) dans les eaux souterraines de la région. L’un recoupe l’Estonie, l’autre la Lettonie et les îles estoniennes dans le Golfe de Riga. L'écoulement des eaux souterraines est simulé durant 28000 ans, depuis le DGM jusqu’à aujourd’hui, de même que le transport de δ18O pour tracer l'eau de fonte et confronter les résultats des simulations avec les données de terrain. L'espace d’incertitude de certains paramètres a été exploré, comme l’intensité et la durée de la recharge sous-glaciaire, ainsi que la composition isotopique initiale de l'eau de fonte. Les simulations fournissent un ajustement satisfaisant entre les valeurs observées et calculées de δ18O, confirmant l’hypothèse que le BAB a subi une phase de recharge sous-glaciaire durant le DMG. Elles montrent que la recharge sous-glaciaire a créé une inversion de l'écoulement des eaux souterraines dans le bassin. L’eau de fonte a infiltré tous les aquifères, en particulier les aquifères non confinés. Après le retrait de la calotte Fennoscandienne, l'eau de fonte a été entièrement remplacée par de l'eau météorique moderne, excepté dans les aquifères confinés où de l’eau de fonte a été préservée à proximité des zones de décharge. Par ailleurs, d’importants volumes d'eau de fonte sont probablement préservés sous la mer Baltique. Les simulations indiquent enfin que des épisodes de recharge sous-glaciaire antérieurs au DGM doivent être considérés afin d'expliquer les valeurs de δ18O dans la partie plus profonde du bassin.Field evidence and modelling studies have shown that subglacial recharge of meltwater under wet-based ice-sheets can have a significant and long-lasting impact on groundwater flow. In the northern Baltic Artesian Basin (BAB), in Estonia, this mechanism of recharge is thought to be responsible of the presence of large volumes of groundwater with a characteristic glacial isotopic and geochemical signal, because the region experienced several glaciations during the Pleistocene and was entirely covered by the Fennoscandian ice-sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), some 20 ky BP. The present study aims at testing this hypothesis by means of numerical simulations. First, a conceptual numerical study was performed to determine which glacial and subglacial processes need to be represented in numerical models for adequately capturing subglacial groundwater flow dynamics and solute transport. The relevance of the following processes was studied: subglacial recharge of meltwater, poroelastic deformation of the porous medium under ice-sheet loading, isostasy, evolution of surface drainage, permafrost, and density-dependent flow involving fresh glacial meltwater and deep brines. Simulations of these processes were conducted in a generic sedimentary basin during a single glacial event followed by a postglacial period. The transport of three common tracers of subglacial recharge was simulated: δ18O, TDS, and groundwater age. Results show that simulating subglacial recharge with a fixed flux boundary condition is relevant only for low fluxes, which could be the case under partially wet-based ice-sheets. Glacial loading decreases overpressures, which appear only in thick and low hydraulic diffusivity layers. If subglacial recharge is low, glacial loading can lead to underpressures after the retreat of the ice-sheet. Isostasy considerably reduces the infiltration of meltwater and the groundwater flow rates. Below permafrost, groundwater flow is reduced under the ice-sheet but is enhanced beyond the ice-sheet front. Accounting for salinity-dependent density reduces the infiltration of meltwater at depth. This study shows that each glacial process is potentially relevant in models of subglacial groundwater flow and solute transport. However, representing only subglacial recharge can be a reasonable assumption if information is missing to describe the other processes properly. Therefore, this single process is simulated to reproduce groundwater flow beneath the Fennoscandian ice-sheet in the northern BAB. Simulations are performed in two cross-sectional models, in order to check whether subglacial recharge of meltwater can explain the unusual distribution of δ18O in groundwater in the region, which serves as a tracer of glacial meltwater. One model crosses Estonia, the other crosses Latvia and Estonian islands in the Gulf of Riga. Groundwater flow is simulated over 28 ky, from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to present-day, along with δ18O transport for tracing meltwater and to compare the results of the simulations with field data. Parameter space exploration of subglacial recharge conditions is used to tackle the uncertainty in the intensity and duration of subglacial recharge in the northern BAB, as well as in the isotopic composition of meltwater. Simulations provide a satisfying fit between the observed and the computed values of δ18O, supporting the idea that subglacial recharge happened in the northern BAB during the LGM. Simulations show that subglacial recharge created a flow reversal in the basin. Meltwater infiltrated into all aquifers, especially the shallow ones. After the retreat of the Fennoscandian ice-sheet, meltwater was entirely replaced by modern meteoric water, excepted in confined aquifers where some meltwater has been preserved close to the discharge areas. Large volumes of meltwater are also probably preserved beneath the Baltic Sea. Simulations also indicate that episodes of subglacial recharge prior to the LGM must be considered in order to explain the values of δ18O in the deeper basin

Boundary layer physics over snow and ice

Observations of the unique chemical environment over snow and ice in recent decades, particularly in the polar regions. have stimulated increasing interest in the boundary layer processes that mediate exchanges between the ice/snow interface and the atmosphere. This paper provides a review of the underlying concepts and examples from recent field studies in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP that focus on processes linking halogens to the depletion of boundary layer ozone in coastal environments, mercury transport and deposition, snow photochemistry, and related snow physics. In this context, observational approaches, stable boundary layer behavior, the effects of a weak or absent diurnal cycle, and transport and mixing over the heterogeneous surfaces characteristic of coastal ocean environments are of particular relevance

Planetary magnetic fields

As a consequence of the smallness of the electronic fine structure constant, the characteristic time scale for the free diffusive decay of a magnetic field in a planetary core is much less than the age of the Solar System, but the characteristic time scale for thermal diffusion is greater than the age of the Solar System. Consequently, primordial fields and permanent magnetism are small and the only means of providing a substantial planetary magnetic field is the dynamo process. This requires a large region which is fluid, electrically conducting and maintained in a non-uniform motion that includes a substantial RMS vertical component. The attributes of fluidity and conductivity are readily provided in the deep interiors of all planets and most satellites, either in the form of an Fe alloy with a low eutectic temperature (e.g. Fe-S-O in terrestrial bodies and satellites) or by the occupation of conduction states in fluid hydrogen or 'ice' (H2O-NH3-CH4) in giant planets. It is argued that planetary dynamos are almost certainly maintained by convection (compositional and/or thermal)