10 research outputs found

    The Professional Identity of Gameworkers Revisited. A Qualitative Inquiry on the Case Study of German Professionals

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    The phenomena of computer games and the plethora of game cultures have already been drawing attention of researchers for many years, whereas the people behind computer games โ€“ the so called gameworkers โ€“ undeservingly remained in the shadows until quite recently. The lack of information about this workforce and its professional identity makes this research object especially interesting. The analysis relies on a pilot study about the issue of the professional identity of gameworkers, which aimed to dig deeper with the means of qualitative research. During that project nine German gameworkers were interviewed and an attempt to give an in-depth description of their professional identity was made. The study shows that the respondents have a very strong coherence with their profession and perceive themselves as a part of their profession and the team/studio they work with/at. The most salient reason for this is the deep interest the respondents have in computer games (for both making and playing games)

    Games without Frontiers: A Framework for Analyzing Digital Game Cultures Comparatively

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    Currently in game studies there is a gap in frameworks for comparatively researching game cultures. This is a serious shortcoming as it ignores the transcultural and transnational aspects of games, play and their cultures. Based on Heppโ€™s (2009) transcultural framework, and Du Gay, Hall, Janes, Mackay and Negusโ€™s (1997) circuit of culture, this article proposes a structure to comparatively analyze game cultures. This procedural method comprises several steps determining specific contexts of game culture and their categories for comparison. Each step is illustrated with a case example. Finally, we recommend placing game cultures on a transnational spectrum, which helps in suggesting that many digital games express both local and international characteristics

    Cultural production and politics of the digital games industry: the case of independent game production

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    This thesis sheds light on the social relationships, work practices and identities that shape the small scale sector of independent game production. Harnessing elements of the Production of Culture and Cultural Industries/Work perspectives, it aims to clarify the specifics of independent game production and its relationship with the large-scale sector of the industry. Drawing on a multi-sided ethnography, the thesis captures gamework practices, motivations, ideas and conventions deployed in a diverse range of online and physical spaces where independent developers interact. Given the complex relationships and messiness found in the industry, the results of the thesis initially clarify general aspects, characterising both the corporate structure of the games industry and its independent sector. It then examines the cultures that inform independent work as well as emergent 'indie' praxis. After a historical review of the digital games industry, the thesis addresses how the corporate structure of the industry has created a viable game producing field, with a highly rationalised but not unproblematic process of game production. The independent sector is then analysed in relation to this material culture. The thesis discusses the technologic affordances, structural relationships, market approach and organisational forms supporting the production of independent games. It also examines the motivations, ethics and general culture informing independent developers work, as well as the emergence of independent networked scenes as social spaces where creative, organisational, technical and cultural aspects of independent game production are shaped. The analysis of empirical evidence reveals how the uneven struggle to control or access the means for game production, distribution and reproduction, in both retail and digital distribution business models, shapes the material conditions of the small scale sector game production. The thesis highlights the relationship between production, independent developers' preferences, and their identity as 'indies' as central in understanding how this novel sector of the games industry is being structured. By understanding both the structure and informal practices of independent production, this research offers novel insights in this under-researched area, insights that reveal the intricacies of processes of social change and cultural diversification within the digital games industry as a whole

    Born Digital / Grown Digital: Assessing the Future Competitiveness of the EU Video Games Software Industry

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    This report reflects the findings of the JRC-IPTS study on the Video games Industry, with a focus on two specific activities: online and mobile video games. The report starts by introducing the technologies, their characteristics, market diffusion and barriers to take up, and their potential economic impact, before moving to an analysis of their contribution to the competitiveness of the European ICT industry. The research is based on internal and external expertise, literature reviews and desk research, several workshops and syntheses of the current state of the knowledge. The results were reviewed by experts and in dedicated workshops. The report concludes that the general expectations for the next years foresee a speeded up migration of contents and services to digital, in a scenario of rapidly increasing convergence of digital technologies and integration of media services taking advantage of improved and permanent network connections. The role of the so-called creative content industry is expected to increase accordingly. Communication services and media industry will co-evolve on the playground of the Internet of services, along with a product to service transformation of the software market in general. In this general context the Video games Software industry plays and is expected to play a major role. The games industry may become a major driver of the development of networks as it has been in the past for the development of computer hardware.JRC.DDG.J.4-Information Societ

    ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? : ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ๊ฐ•๋ช…๊ตฌ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž(digital creative worker)๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ทน๋ณต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์–‘์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ด๋™ ์†์—์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด, ๋…ธ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…๊ด€ํ–‰์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์•ผ๊ทผ๊ณผ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์šฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋…ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์€ ์ž์œ ๋ถ„๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋Šฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ ˆ๋ง๊ฐ์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋…ธ๋™์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ทœ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋…ธ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์ด ๋ฌผ์Œ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(precarity)์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ๋ž˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์œ ๋ช… ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ์†Œ์† ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ, ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ๋ฐ 1์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค 42๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์™€, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ž‘์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐ์ข… ํ–‰์‚ฌ์™€ ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค, ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(precarity) ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™(digital creative work) ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ €, ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋…ธ๋™์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์˜€๋˜, ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ถ„์—…๊ณผ ํƒˆ์ˆ™๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์†Œ์™ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ™”๋œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(precarity)์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€, ์ „ํ†ต์  ์‚ฐ์—…์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ„์—…ํ™”ยทํƒˆ์ˆ™๋ จํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์†Œ์™ธ์™€, ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทผ์›์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋‹น๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ฐฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™(creative labor), ๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋…ธ๋™(immaterial labor), ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋…ธ๋™(digital labor) ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๋…ธ๋™(labor)์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด, ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ž‘์—…(converged work)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌํ™”๋œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ˜‘์—…(network creative collaboration)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์˜ MMORPG ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ก€, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ RPG ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ก€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ๋ฐ 1์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—… ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๋ถ„์—…ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํˆด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ˜‘์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ค‘์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ 1์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ผ์ •๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋– ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๊ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœํœ˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์œ ํ†ต์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ œ๋„ˆ๋Ÿด๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์  ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์žฅ์ ์ด์ž ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์—…๊ณผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ์Šคํ‚ฌ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์˜คํ”ˆ ๋งˆ์ผ“์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ณ , ์…ง๋‹ค์šด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ ์†์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋Š” PC ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์…” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋…๊ณผ์ ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ํ™•๋ฅ ํ˜• ์•„์ดํ…œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์œ ๋ช… IP๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ MMORPG ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์  ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‚ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์น˜์—ดํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์งง์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์น˜ ๋ชจ๋“œ(crunch mode)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ฐฉ์ทจ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋”์šฑ ์•…ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ๋™, ์ €์ž„๊ธˆ, ์ž์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์•ฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์—์„œ ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์†Œ์™ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ๋‚ดํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ, ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ ๋ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ™๋ จํ™” ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ฌํ™”๋œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์†ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ์ง๊ตฐ, ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ์  ๋” ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์™€ ์–‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํš์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ปธ๊ณ , QA, ์šด์˜, CS ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฒญ๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋” ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํˆด๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์œตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…(converged work)์„ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ•˜์œ„๋ฌธํ™”(game subculture)์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œ ์ €๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌํ™”๋œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ˜‘์—…(networked creative collaboration) ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜‘์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ•์ ยท์ œ๋„์ ยท์ •์ฑ…์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€, ๊ทผ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”, ํฌ๊ด„์ž„๊ธˆ์ œ ๊ฐœ์„ , ํ‘œ์ค€๊ณ„์•ฝ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ ยท์ œ๋„์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์ง€์›์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ง์—…๊ต์œก, ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง, ์ž‘์—…๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น ๊ธฐํšŒ ์ œ๊ณต, ์œ ํ†ต ๋ฐ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹ฑ ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—… ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์—…๊ณ„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ž์ƒ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ต์„ญ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ, ํ˜‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ (collective), ํ˜‘์—…์ (collaborative), ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ (communal) ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์†์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  1 1์ ˆ. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 8 1์ ˆ. ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” : ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ, ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 8 1. ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 8 2. ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค 10 2์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค 18 1. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค 18 2. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ฆฌ 27 3์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 31 ์ œ3์žฅ. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 34 1์ ˆ. ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋…ธ๋™์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ธ๋™ 34 1. ๋ถ„์—…ํ™”, ํƒˆ์ˆ™๋ จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋™์†Œ์™ธ 34 2. ๋…ธ๋™ ์œ ์—ฐํ™”์™€ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธํฌ๋””์ฆ˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์œค๋ฆฌ 38 3. ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 42 2์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(precarity) 46 1. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ(precarity)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค 46 2. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ 50 3. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค 54 3์ ˆ. ์ฐฝ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ๋ฆ„ 60 1. ์ฐฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ 60 2. ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ 63 3. ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 70 4์ ˆ. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—…(digital creative work) 75 1. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™” 75 2. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋“ค 77 3. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—… 85 ์ œ4์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 89 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ : ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ 89 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ • 93 1. ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 93 2. ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ 97 3. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ๋ถ„์„ 99 3์ ˆ. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•ด์„์  ํ‹€ 100 ์ œ5์žฅ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์กฐ์งํ™” 103 1์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฐ€? 103 1. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง๊ตฐ๋“ค 103 2. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ณผ์ • 106 3. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 109 2์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„ : ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค, ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 112 1. N์‚ฌ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฝ˜์†”๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 113 2. ์ค‘์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 127 3. ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…, 1์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค 136 3์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค 147 1. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ 147 2. ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค 153 4์ ˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ : ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋“ค 159 1. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ํ•จ์˜ 159 2. ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค, ๋…ธ๋™๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง• 160 3. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์™€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋“ค 162 ์ œ6์žฅ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์‹ฌํ™” 165 1์ ˆ. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค 165 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ 165 2. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 166 3. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค 170 2์ ˆ. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋Œ€, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ 173 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค 173 2. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…ยทํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์…” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋…๊ณผ์ ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 180 3. ํŠน์ • ์ˆ˜์ต๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํš์ผํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค 185 4. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 192 3์ ˆ. ๋” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด : ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ 195 1. ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 195 2. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 203 4์ ˆ. ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์™€ ๋…ธ๋™ ์†Œ์™ธ : ๊ฐˆ์•„ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ์ • 208 1. ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋œ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ•˜๋ฝ : ํฌ๋Ÿฐ์น˜(crunch)์— ์‹ ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค 208 2. ๋ถ€ํ’ˆํ™”๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ž‘์—… : ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์†Œ์™ธ ์–‘์ƒ 213 5์ ˆ. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œ„์™€ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๋“ค 224 1. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ์—ฐ : ์ฒด๋…๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ง 224 2. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œ„์™€ ์ฐจ์ด์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 227 6์ ˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ : ๊ฐ์–‘๊ฐ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 237 ์ œ7์žฅ. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? 241 1์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด, ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” 241 1. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํƒˆ์ˆ™๋ จํ™” ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ†  241 2. ์ƒ์šฉ์—”์ง„์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 243 3. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์™€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” 249 4. ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„์ „์Šค 253 2์ ˆ. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—…(digital creative work)์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ : ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋…ธ๋™์—์„œ ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ 255 1. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 255 2. ๋‹ค์ค‘์ˆ™๋ จ : ์œตํ•ฉ์  ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ 260 3. ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์–‘๋ฉด์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„ : ์ œ๋„ˆ๋Ÿด๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ง„์ •์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ์ฐฉ์ทจ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 269 3์ ˆ. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ „๋žต๋“ค 274 1. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์กด ์ „๋žต๋“ค 274 2. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ƒ์กด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 276 3. ์ž์ƒ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค 284 4์ ˆ. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌํ™”๋œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ˜‘์—…๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 287 1. ํ˜‘์—… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ 287 2. ๋…ธ๋™์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ˜‘์—…์œผ๋กœ : ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 293 5์ ˆ. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์ ยท์ •์ฑ…์  ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 297 1. ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ 297 2. ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ์ต ๋ณดํ˜ธ 299 3. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ… 302 4. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜์‹  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค 306 6์ ˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ : ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฐฝ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? 309 ์ œ8์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  313 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 313 2์ ˆ. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ทน๋ณต๊ณผ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค 317 3์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ 319 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 323 Abstract 335Docto
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