An objective based classification of aggregation techniques for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks have gained immense popularity in recent years due to their ever increasing capabilities and wide range of critical applications. A huge body of research efforts has been dedicated to find ways to utilize limited resources of these sensor nodes in an efficient manner. One of the common ways to minimize energy consumption has been aggregation of input data. We note that every aggregation technique has an improvement objective to achieve with respect to the output it produces. Each technique is designed to achieve some target e.g. reduce data size, minimize transmission energy, enhance accuracy etc. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of aggregation techniques that can be used in distributed manner to improve lifetime and energy conservation of wireless sensor networks. Main contribution of this work is proposal of a novel classification of such techniques based on the type of improvement they offer when applied to WSNs. Due to the existence of a myriad of definitions of aggregation, we first review the meaning of term aggregation that can be applied to WSN. The concept is then associated with the proposed classes. Each class of techniques is divided into a number of subclasses and a brief literature review of related work in WSN for each of these is also presented

The impact of incapacitation of multiple critial sensor nodes on wireless sensor network lifetime

Kablosuz Algılayıcı Aglar (KAA) askeri güvenlik ve çevre gözetleme vb. kritik kontrol etme uygulamalarında sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Bu tip kritik uygulamarda algılayıcı dügümler ? düsman saldırıları için potansiyel birer hedeftir. KAA'ların en önemli performans ölçütlerinden birisi ag yasam süresi oldugu için çe¸sitli saldırılarla algılayıcı dügümlerden en kritik olanlarının ele geçirilmesi ve i¸slevsiz hale getirilmesi ag yasam süresini ciddi miktarda etkilemektedir. Bu çalı¸smada Dogrusal Programlama (DP) tabanlı iki tane özgün algoritma geli¸stirilmis olup kritik dügümlerin ele geçirilmesinin KAA ya¸sam süresine olan etkileri sistematik biçimde ele alınmı¸stır. Bu çalısma sonucunda kritik dügümlerin ele geçirilmesinin ag yasam süresini ciddi ölçüde düsürdügü sonuçlarına varılmıstır.Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are envisioned to be utilized in many application areas such as critical infrastructure monitoring, therefore, WSN nodes are potential targets for adversaries. Network lifetime is one of the most important performance indicators in WSNs. Possibility of reducing the network lifetime significantly by eliminating a certain subset of nodes through various attacks will create the opportunity for the adversaries to hamper the performance of WSNs with a low risk of detection. However, the extent of reduction in network lifetime due to elimination of a group of critical sensor nodes has never been investigated in the literature. Therefore, in this study , we created a novel Linear Programming (LP) framework to model the impact of critical node elimination attacks on WSNs and explored the parameter space through numerical evaluations of the LP model. Our results show that critical node elimination attacks can shorten the network lifetime significantly

An Energy Aware and Secure MAC Protocol for Tackling Denial of Sleep Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks which form part of the core for the Internet of Things consist of resource constrained sensors that are usually powered by batteries. Therefore, careful energy awareness is essential when working with these devices. Indeed,the introduction of security techniques such as authentication and encryption, to ensure confidentiality and integrity of data, can place higher energy load on the sensors. However, the absence of security protection c ould give room for energy drain attacks such as denial of sleep attacks which have a higher negative impact on the life span ( of the sensors than the presence of security features. This thesis, therefore, focuses on tackling denial of sleep attacks from two perspectives A security perspective and an energy efficiency perspective. The security perspective involves evaluating and ranking a number of security based techniques to curbing denial of sleep attacks. The energy efficiency perspective, on the other hand, involves exploring duty cycling and simulating three Media Access Control ( protocols Sensor MAC, Timeout MAC andTunableMAC under different network sizes and measuring different parameters such as the Received Signal Strength RSSI) and Link Quality Indicator ( Transmit power, throughput and energy efficiency Duty cycling happens to be one of the major techniques for conserving energy in wireless sensor networks and this research aims to answer questions with regards to the effect of duty cycles on the energy efficiency as well as the throughput of three duty cycle protocols Sensor MAC ( Timeout MAC ( and TunableMAC in addition to creating a novel MAC protocol that is also more resilient to denial of sleep a ttacks than existing protocols. The main contributions to knowledge from this thesis are the developed framework used for evaluation of existing denial of sleep attack solutions and the algorithms which fuel the other contribution to knowledge a newly developed protocol tested on the Castalia Simulator on the OMNET++ platform. The new protocol has been compared with existing protocols and has been found to have significant improvement in energy efficiency and also better resilience to denial of sleep at tacks Part of this research has been published Two conference publications in IEEE Explore and one workshop paper

A critical analysis of research potential, challenges and future directives in industrial wireless sensor networks

In recent years, Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. The paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. The paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs

Multiband CSMA/CA with RTS-CTS strategy

We present in this paper a new medium access control (MAC) scheme devoted to orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems which aims at reducing collision probabilities during the channel request period. The proposed MAC relies on the classical carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol with RTS / CTS ("Request To Send" / "Clear To Send") mechanism. The proposed method focus on the collision probability of RTS messages exploiting a multi-channel configuration for these messages while using the whole band for data transmissions. The protocol may be interpreted as an asynchronous frequency multiplexing of RTS messages. This method achieves strong performance gains in terms of throughput and latency especially in crowded networks. Index Terms-Carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), multiband, throughput, MAC protocol

Towards Deterministic Communications in 6G Networks: State of the Art, Open Challenges and the Way Forward

Over the last decade, society and industries are undergoing rapid digitization that is expected to lead to the evolution of the cyber-physical continuum. End-to-end deterministic communications infrastructure is the essential glue that will bridge the digital and physical worlds of the continuum. We describe the state of the art and open challenges with respect to contemporary deterministic communications and compute technologies: 3GPP 5G, IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking, IETF DetNet, OPC UA as well as edge computing. While these technologies represent significant technological advancements towards networking Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), we argue in this paper that they rather represent a first generation of systems which are still limited in different dimensions. In contrast, realizing future deterministic communication systems requires, firstly, seamless convergence between these technologies and, secondly, scalability to support heterogeneous (time-varying requirements) arising from diverse CPS applications. In addition, future deterministic communication networks will have to provide such characteristics end-to-end, which for CPS refers to the entire communication and computation loop, from sensors to actuators. In this paper, we discuss the state of the art regarding the main challenges towards these goals: predictability, end-to-end technology integration, end-to-end security, and scalable vertical application interfacing. We then present our vision regarding viable approaches and technological enablers to overcome these four central challenges. Key approaches to leverage in that regard are 6G system evolutions, wireless friendly integration of 6G into TSN and DetNet, novel end-to-end security approaches, efficient edge-cloud integrations, data-driven approaches for stochastic characterization and prediction, as well as leveraging digital twins towards system awareness.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure