The Value of Currency

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The return of Keynes

Skidelsky’s last work « The Return of the Master” gives a new perspective to his previous studies about J.M. Keynes. In this new light, he studies the Keynesian theories, no longer in the historical context in which they were developed, but using them to explain and to try to find a solution to modern economy. This work almost represents a denunciation towards the new economic theory system that loses sight of the importance of the uncertainty, and overestimated the value of currency, and have not considered other values such as ethics and morals.the return of Keynes's Theory

Does the Value of Currency Affect the Numbers of International InboundTourists to Turkey?

This study examined the effect of the value of the currency on international inbound tourist numbers toTurkey from Germany and Russia, which are the top two tourist generating countries for Turkey. Two differentTurkish Lira regimes are investigated with Threshold Vector Autoregressive (Threshold-VAR) models, using thereal broad effective exchange rate for Turkey as a threshold variable. The endogenous variables vectors are themacroeconomic variables of the tourist origin countries: the real broad effective exchange rate, consumer priceindex ratio (proxying for the price level), and total industry production (proxying for income level) for Germanyand Russia. Because of data constraints, the estimated Threshold-VAR models for Germany and Russia covereddifferent periods in 1997:01-2020:05 and 2000:01-2020:05, respectively. The key finding for both policymakersand tourism researchers is that when travels become cheaper in the Turkish Lira, this does not always attractmore foreign tourists to Turkey

Exchange Rate Behaviour after Recent Float: The Experience of Pakistan

Exchange rate is a price of traded goods in the world market. To maintain the commodities competitive in the market, exchange rate should be adjusted according to the change in prices. If it is adjusted accordingly, then we say that purchasing power parity (PPP) holds in that country. However, phenomenon of PPP is completely kicked out under floating exchange rate regime in the short run [see for example, Rogoff (1999); Mark and Choi (1997); MacDonald (1999); Obstfeld and Taylor (1997); Coleman (1995); O’Connel (1998) and Michael, et al. (1997)]. Recent statement by the President of the National Bank of Pakistan, that the exchange rate and the interest rate are two faces of the same coin [Bokhari (2004)], shows that the changes in the exchange rate is strongly associated with the changes in the interest rate differential.1 It is also argued that under free float the value of currency is determined by demand and supply of foreign exchange and to control the value of currency using open market operations interest rate is used as the key monetary policy tool. Moreover, deterioration of trade balance leads to deprecation in exchange to make the exports competitive in the market and vice versa

THE PRICE OF OPTIONS ILLIQUIDITY

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of illiquidity on the value of currency options. We use a unique data set which allows us to explore this issue in special circumstances where options are issued by a central bank and are not traded prior to maturity. The value of these options is compared to similar options traded on the exchange. We find that the non-tradable options are priced about 21 percent less than the exchange traded options. This gap cannot be arbitraged away due to transactions costs and the risk that the exchange rate will change during the bidding process

Opinion: A penny's worth

Money

Financial Market Integration in Pakistan: Evidence Using Post-1999 Data

The recent wave of financial sector reforms and internationalisation in emerging markets has increased perceived interlinkages within various sectors of national financial markets. For example, the existence of a strong linkage between stock prices and exchange rates is a popular topic in academic research. Similarly, changes in stock prices and exchange rates are expected to influence movements in interest rates. A number of hypotheses suggest such a causal relationship. For instance, using a goods market approach, any changes in the value of currency would affect the competitiveness of multinational firms and hence influence stock prices [Dornbusch and Fischer (1980)]. Similarly, the hypotheses of ‘exchange rate pass-through’ and ‘interest rate pass-through’ suggest that changes in exchange rates and/or interest rates could affect stock prices. The portfolio balance model suggests that fluctuations in stock prices influence exchange rate changes

About the Contributors to Library Trends 45 (2) Fall 1996: Navigating Among the Disciplines: The Library and Interdisciplinary Inquiry

published or submitted for publicatio

Metode Peramalan Dengan Menggunakan Model Volatilitas Asymmetric Power Arch (Aparch)

Exchange rate can be defined as a ratio the value of currency. The exchange rate shows a currency price, if it exchanged with another currency. Exchange rates of a currency fluctuate all the time. Rise and fall exchange rates of a currency in the money market shows the magnitude of volatility occurred in a country currency to other's. To estimate the volatility behavior of the data gave rise to volatility clustering or heteroscedasticity problems, can't be modeled using ARMA model and asymmetric effects that can‘t be modeled by ARCH or GARCH, can be modeled by Asymmetric Power ARCH (APARCH). In determining the estimated parameter values of APARCH model, used the maximum likelihood method, followed by using the iteration method is Berndt, Hall, Hall and Hausman (BHHH). The APARCH model used to the data return of exchange rate against dollar is APARCH(2,1) or in the form as follows : = 0,00000268 + 0,830902 + 0,130516 + 0,074784 + 0,15115