Cathode Strip Chamber (CSC) raw data unpacking and packing using bit field classes

Unprecedented data rates that are expected at the LHC put high demand on the speed of the detector data acquisition system. The CSC subdetector located in the Muon Endcaps of the CMS detector has a data readout system equivalent in size to that of a whole Tevatron detector (60 VME crates in the CSC DAQ equal to the whole D0 DAQ size). As a part of the High Level Trigger, the CSC data unpacking runs online and it needs to be able to cope with high data rates online. Early versions of the unpacking code used bit shifts and masks to unpack binary data. To reduce the unpacking time we decided to switch to bit field based data unpacking. The switch allowed us to gain an order of magnitude in speed. In this paper we explain how bit field data unpacking works and why it is dramatically faster compared to conventional bit shift and mask methods

Distributed Computing Grid Experiences in CMS

The CMS experiment is currently developing a computing system capable of serving, processing and archiving the large number of events that will be generated when the CMS detector starts taking data. During 2004 CMS undertook a large scale data challenge to demonstrate the ability of the CMS computing system to cope with a sustained data-taking rate equivalent to 25% of startup rate. Its goals were: to run CMS event reconstruction at CERN for a sustained period at 25 Hz input rate; to distribute the data to several regional centers; and enable data access at those centers for analysis. Grid middleware was utilized to help complete all aspects of the challenge. To continue to provide scalable access from anywhere in the world to the data, CMS is developing a layer of software that uses Grid tools to gain access to data and resources, and that aims to provide physicists with a user friendly interface for submitting their analysis jobs. This paper describes the data challenge experience with Grid infrastructure and the current development of the CMS analysis system

Heterogeneous reconstruction of tracks and primary vertices with the CMS pixel tracker

The High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC will see the accelerator reach an instantaneous luminosity of $7\times 10^{34} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ with an average pileup of $200$ proton-proton collisions. These conditions will pose an unprecedented challenge to the online and offline reconstruction software developed by the experiments. The computational complexity will exceed by far the expected increase in processing power for conventional CPUs, demanding an alternative approach. Industry and High-Performance Computing (HPC) centres are successfully using heterogeneous computing platforms to achieve higher throughput and better energy efficiency by matching each job to the most appropriate architecture. In this paper we will describe the results of a heterogeneous implementation of pixel tracks and vertices reconstruction chain on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The framework has been designed and developed to be integrated in the CMS reconstruction software, CMSSW. The speed up achieved by leveraging GPUs allows for more complex algorithms to be executed, obtaining better physics output and a higher throughput

Investigations of rate and multi-hit capability of multi-gap resistive plate chambers

The application of multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPC) for time-of-flight (TOF) measurements in future high-rate heavy-ion-collision experiments like CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter) at FAIR is constrained by both challenging particle-flux and multi-hit conditions on the counter surface. Towards the center of the 120 m² TOF wall of CBM, fluxes of up to 25 kHz/cm² in gold-on-gold collisions at 10 MHz and 11 A GeV (SIS100) are handled by detectors with special low-resistive glass. At the periphery, common-glass counters are used for cost reasons. In this work, test-beam results for corresponding prototypes obtained in a multi-hit environment under moderate particle fluxes of 1–2 kHz/cm² at CERN/SPS are systematically analyzed for rate and interference effects on counter performance. For a reproduction in simulations, a novel parametrization of the MRPC response function is introduced which models both the impact of sustained irradiation on detection capability in time and the distortion of reconstructed hits by interfering induced signals. An envisaged qualitative agreement is achieved between real and simulated observations. While only the common-glass counter shows an expected performance degradation due to rate, the response evaluation of both prototypes via correlations on adjacent detectors is significantly complicated by multi-hit effects. The new response model provides a reliable simulation reference for further investigations on this matter

Commissioning and Calibrating the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

The data acquisition system for the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker (SST) is based around a custom analogue front-end ASIC, an analogue optical link system and an off-detector VME board that performs digitization, zero-suppression and data formatting. A complex procedure is required to optimally configure, calibrate and synchronize the 107 channels of the SST readout system. We present an overview of this procedure, which will be used to commission and calibrate the SST during the integration, Start-Up and operational phases of the experiment. Recent experiences from the CMS Magnet Test Cosmic Challenge and system tests at the Tracker Integration Facility are also reported

CMS Pixel Data Quality Monitoring

We present the CMS Pixel Data Quality Monitoring (DQM) system. The concept and architecture are discussed. The monitored quantities are introduced, and the methods on how to ensure that the detector takes high quality data with large efficiency are explained. Finally we describe the automated data certification scheme, which is used to certify and classify the data from the Pixel detector for physics analyses

The Data Quality Monitoring for the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker

The CMS Silicon Strip Tracker (SST), consisting of more than 10 million channels, is organized in about 15,000 detector modules and it is the largest silicon strip tracker ever built for high energy physics experiments. The Data Quality Monitoring system for the Tracker has been developed within the CMS Software framework. More than 100,000 monitorable quantities need to be managed by the DQM system that organizes them in a hierarchical structure reflecting the detector arrangement in subcomponents and the various levels of data processing. Monitorable quantities computed at the level of individual detectors are processed to extract automatic quality checks and summary results that can be visualized with specialized graphical user interfaces. In view of the great complexity of the CMS Tracker detector the standard visualization tools based on histograms have been complemented with 2 and 3 dimensional graphical images of the subdetector that can show the whole detector down to single channel resolution. The functionalities of the CMS Silicon Strip Tracker DQM system and the experience acquired during the SST commissioning will be described

Measurement of the Prompt Double J/psi Production Cross Section in pp Collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

The simultaneous production of two J/psi mesons has been significantly observed in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the CMS detector. The two J/psi mesons are fully reconstructed in their decay to muons. The signal yield is extracted with an extended maximum likelihood fit based on four event variables. A method was developed to correct for detector acceptances and efficiencies based on the measured momenta of the J/psi and their decay muons to maintain the least model dependence possible. The measurement is performed in an acceptance region defined by the individual J/psi transverse momentum and rapidity. From the measured signal yield of 446 events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4:7 inverse femtobarn. The total cross section is found to be 1:49 nanobarn, with 0:07 statistical and 0:13 nb systematic error, and unpolarizaed production was assumed. Most predictions for particle production at the LHC assume dominance of single parton interaction for proton-proton collisions, which can be tested with the final state measured in this analysis. The differential cross section is measured in bins of the double J/psi invariant mass, the double J/psi transverse momentum, and the absolute difference in rapidity of the two J/psi. The reconstruction of the four charged muon trajectories heavily relies on the Pixel subdetector located close to the beampipe. Systematic studies with cosmic muons and tracks from collision events are presented. The development of the Pixel RawToDigi package, data quality monitoring packages, commissioning studies of Pixel data and tracks in first collisions, and realistic simulations of decay signals in the pixel subdetector were all performed as a part of this dissertation work

Technical Design Report for the PANDA Micro Vertex Detector

This document illustrates the technical layout and the expected performance of the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the PANDA experiment. The MVD will detect charged particles as close as possible to the interaction zone. Design criteria and the optimisation process as well as the technical solutions chosen are discussed and the results of this process are subjected to extensive Monte Carlo physics studies. The route towards realisation of the detector is outlined