Collective intelligence: creating a prosperous world at peace

XXXII, 612 p. ; 24 cmLibro ElectrónicoEn este documento se plantea un tema de interes general mas como lo es especificamente el tema de la evolucion de la sociedad en materia de industria y crecimiento de las actividades humanas en el aspecto de desarrollo de la creatividad enfocada a los mercadosedited by Mark Tovey ; foreword by Yochai Benkler (re-mixed by Hassan Masum) ; prefaces by Thomas Malone, Tom Atlee & Pierre Levy ; afterword by Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon.The era of collective intelligence has begun in earnest. While others have written about the wisdom of crowds, an army of Davids, and smart mobs, this collection of essays for the first time brings together fifty-five pioneers in the emerging discipline of collective intelligence. They provide a base of tools for connecting people, producing high-functioning teams, collaborating at multiple scales, and encouraging effective peer-production. Emerging models are explored for digital deliberative democracy, self-governance, legislative transparency, true-cost accounting, and the ethical use of open sources and methods. Collective Intelligence is the first of a series of six books, which will also include volumes on Peace Intelligence, Commercial Intelligence, Gift Intelligence, Cultural Intelligence, and Global Intelligence.Table of Contents Dedication i Publisher’s Preface iii Foreword by Yochai Benkler Remix Hassan Masum xi The Wealth of Networks: Highlights remixed Editor’s Preface xxi Table of Contents xxv A What is collective intelligence and what will we do 1 about it? (Thomas W. Malone, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence) B Co-Intelligence, collective intelligence, and conscious 5 evolution (Tom Atlee, Co-Intelligence Institute) C A metalanguage for computer augmented collective 15 intelligence (Prof. Pierre Lévy, Canada Research Chair in Collective Intelligence, FRSC) I INDIVIDUALS & GROUPS I-01 Foresight I-01-01 Safety Glass (Karl Schroeder, science fiction author 23 and foresight consultant) I-01-02 2007 State of the Future (Jerome C. Glenn & 29 Theodore J. Gordon, United Nations Millennium Project) I-02 Dialogue & Deliberation I-02-01 Thinking together without ego: Collective intelligence 39 as an evolutionary catalyst (Craig Hamilton and Claire Zammit, Collective-Intelligence.US) I-02-02 The World Café: Awakening collective intelligence 47 and committed action (Juanita Brown, David Isaacs and the World Café Community) I-02-03 Collective intelligence and the emergence of 55 wholeness (Peggy Holman, Nexus for Change, The Change Handbook) I-02-04 Knowledge creation in collective intelligence (Bruce 65 LaDuke, Fortune 500, HyperAdvance.com) I-02-05 The Circle Organization: Structuring for collective 75 wisdom (Jim Rough, Dynamic Facilitation & The Center for Wise Democracy) I-03 Civic Intelligence I-03-01 Civic intelligence and the public sphere (Douglas 83 Schuler, Evergreen State College, Public Sphere Project) I-03-02 Civic intelligence and the security of the homeland 95 (John Kesler with Carole and David Schwinn, IngeniusOnline) I-03-03 Creating a Smart Nation (Robert Steele, OSS.Net) 107 I-03-04 University 2.0: Informing our collective intelligence 131 (Nancy Glock-Grueneich, HIGHEREdge.org) I-03-05 Producing communities of communications and 145 foreknowledge (Jason “JZ” Liszkiewicz, Reconfigure.org) I-03-06 Global Vitality Report 2025: Learning to transform I-04 Electronic Communities & Distributed Cognition I-04-01 Attentional capital and the ecology of online social 163 conflict and think together effectively (Peter+Trudy networks (Derek Lomas, Social Movement Lab, Johnson-Lenz, Johnson-Lenz.com ) UCSD) I-04-02 A slice of life in my virtual community (Howard 173 Rheingold, Whole Earth Review, Author & Educator) I-04-03 Shared imagination (Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart, 197 Bootstrap) I-05 Privacy & Openness I-05-01 We’re all swimming in media: End-users must be able 201 to keep secrets (Mitch Ratcliffe, BuzzLogic & Tetriad) I-05-02 Working openly (Lion Kimbro, Programmer and 205 Activist) I-06 Integral Approaches & Global Contexts I-06-01 Meta-intelligence for analyses, decisions, policy, and 213 action: The Integral Process for working on complex issues (Sara Nora Ross, Ph.D. ARINA & Integral Review) I-06-02 Collective intelligence: From pyramidal to global 225 (Jean-Francois Noubel, The Transitioner) I-06-03 Cultivating collective intelligence: A core leadership 235 competence in a complex world (George Pór, Fellow at Universiteit van Amsterdam) II LARGE-SCALE COLLABORATION II-01 Altruism, Group IQ, and Adaptation II-01-01 Empowering individuals towards collective online 245 production (Keith Hopper, KeithHopper.com) II-01-02 Who’s smarter: chimps, baboons or bacteria? The 251 power of Group IQ (Howard Bloom, author) II-01-03 A collectively generated model of the world (Marko 261 A. Rodriguez, Los Alamos National Laboratory) II-02 Crowd Wisdom and Cognitive Bias II-02-01 Science of CI: Resources for change (Norman L 265 Johnson, Chief Scientist at Referentia Systems, former LANL) II-02-02 Collectively intelligent systems (Jennifer H. Watkins, 275 Los Alamos National Laboratory) II-02-03 A contrarian view (Jaron Lanier, scholar-in-residence, 279 CET, UC Berkeley & Discover Magazine) II-03 Semantic Structures & The Semantic Web II-03-01 Information Economy Meta Language (Interview with 283 Professor Pierre Lévy, by George Pór) II-03-02 Harnessing the collective intelligence of the World- 293 Wide Web (Nova Spivack, RadarNetworks, Web 3.0) II-03-03 The emergence of a global brain (Francis Heylighen, 305 Free University of Brussels) II-04 Information Networks II-04-01 Networking and mobilizing collective intelligence (G. Parker Rossman, Future of Learning Pioneer) II-04-02 Toward high-performance organizations: A strategic 333 role for Groupware (Douglas C. Engelbart, Bootstrap) II-04-03 Search panacea or ploy: Can collective intelligence 375 improve findability? (Stephen E. Arnold, Arnold IT, Inc.) II-05 Global Games, Local Economies, & WISER II-05-01 World Brain as EarthGame (Robert Steele and many 389 others, Earth Intelligence Network) II-05-02 The Interra Project (Jon Ramer and many others) 399 II-05-03 From corporate responsibility to Backstory 409 Management (Alex Steffen, Executive Editor, Worldchanging.com) II-05-04 World Index of Environmental & Social 413 Responsibility (WISER) By the Natural Capital Institute II-06 Peer-Production & Open Source Hardware II-06-01 The Makers’ Bill of Rights (Jalopy, Torrone, and Hill) 421 II-06-02 3D Printing and open source design (James Duncan, 423 VP of Technology at Marketingisland) II-06-03 REBEARTHTM: 425 II-07 Free Wireless, Open Spectrum, and Peer-to-Peer II-07-01 Montréal Community Wi-Fi (Île Sans Fil) (Interview 433 with Michael Lenczner by Mark Tovey) II-07-02 The power of the peer-to-peer future (Jock Gill, 441 Founder, Penfield Gill Inc.) Growing a world 6.6 billion people would want to live in (Marc Stamos, B-Comm, LL.B) II-07-03 Open spectrum (David Weinberger) II-08 Mass Collaboration & Large-Scale Argumentation II-08-01 Mass collaboration, open source, and social 455 entrepreneurship (Mark Tovey, Advanced Cognitive Engineering Lab, Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University) II-08-02 Interview with Thomas Homer-Dixon (Hassan 467 Masum, McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global Health) II-08-03 Achieving collective intelligence via large-scale argumentation (Mark Klein, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence) II-08-04 Scaling up open problem solving (Hassan Masum & 485 Mark Tovey) D Afterword: The Internet and the revitalization of 495 democracy (The Rt. Honourable Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon) E Epilogue by Tom Atlee 513 F Three Lists 515 1. Strategic Reading Categories 2. Synopsis of the New Progressives 3. Fifty-Two Questions that Matter G Glossary 519 H Index 52

Social collaboration for corporate innovation management

This dissertation explores the potential of using social media to achieve a higher degree of effectiveness in innovation management in a corporate context. To date, the general discussion has mainly focused on certain aspects of social media, like for instance the mass-scale networking of users of different self-portrayal and interaction platforms such as Facebook, LinkedIn, or Xing, or the ‘wisdom of the crowd’ effect for large-scale idea platforms or as a marketing tool to reach target groups with dedicated messages.The scientific value of the presented PhD thesis lies in the targeted research of the prerequisites that are deemed necessary for the implementation of social media as an in-house communication platform in the context of corporate innovation management. Extensive experience has been gained by the author in the area of technology, product, and innovation management in numerous management positions. The barriers to effective innovation performance within firms which have been experienced and identified are the main motivation factors for this PhD thesis.The key research question is whether or not social media can enhance companies’ innovation expertise if these tools are applied as an in-house information and communication platform. Social media mechanisms are principally based on information sharing. In a corporate environment, however, shared information does not necessarily translate into equal benefits for all those involved. Such a mismatch could lead, according to the hypothesis of this work, to essential drawbacks for staff members, and consequently hinders an effective innovation processes.An essential problem, at least within the business world, is that the innovation process is generally viewed as a linear innovation-steering model and that it is often believed that the simple usage of IT-tools can solve intra-organisational communication issues and even is enough to get access to the always very personal expertise of employees. In addition the intertwined relationship of technology usage and social behaviour within firms is often underestimated. This doctoral thesis seeks to address the essential issues associated with modern knowledge management, innovation management and organisation management, especially in relation to computer supported cooperative work (CSCW), when implementing new online social media tools within firms. To provide empirical evidence of the identified phenomena, a mix of different empirical evaluation methods was applied in a dedicated research project within the real innovation context of AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria´s largest applied research and technology organisation (RTO) devoted dedicated to innovation management as their prime focus of activity. These include the observations of the behaviour of scientists, especially during the project generation phase. Staff members´ behaviour of the AIT Digital Safety & Security Department was subject to thorough observation, including the analysis of over 700 innovation projects, as well as structured interviews with the middle management and online questionnaires for all employees of the Department. Based on this multi-layer research design, the main reasons behind the identified innovation barriers were duly investigated. Thus, understanding the inherent resistance to innovation management processes is key to the effective design of communications tools and for their improved acceptance within a company. Based on these empirical results, the aforementioned hypothesis could be verified. A personal reluctance towards the wider open communication of half-baked ideas within the organisation in general and the management in particular is the rule rather than the exception in innovative processes. Without the establishment of a widely accepted “sharing culture” within organisations, social media will not be able to have an impact on improving the overall innovation performance of an organisation.To summarize, effective innovation management means: i) allowing scope for creativity through the possibility of bottom up freedom to engage and work for the staff members; ii) additionally ensure the possibility to steer innovation activities according to economic and compliance rules, which are usual in the business world; iii) to support the open information exchange with lowest administrative overhead and tools with highest usability; and finally most important iv) to develop a company culture which is based on open information sharing

A socio-technical study on knowledge contribution in problem solving virtual communities

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Agent-oriented constructivist knowledge management

In Ancient Times, when written language was introduced, books and manuscripts were often considered sacred. During these times, only a few persons were able to read and interpret them, while most people were limited in accepting these interpretations. Then, along with the industrial revolution of the XVIII and XIX centuries and especially boosted by the development of the press, knowledge slowly became available to all people. Simultaneously, people were starting to apply machines in the development of their work, usually characterized by repetitive processes, and especially focused in the production of consuming goods, such as furniture, clocks, clothes and so on. Following the needs of this new society, it was finally through science that new processes emerged to enable the transmission of knowledge from books and instructors to learners. Still today, people gain knowledge based on these processes, created to fulfill the needs of a society in its early stages of industrialization, thus not being compatible with the needs of the information society. In the information society, people must deal with an overloading amount of information, by the means of the media, books, besides different telecommunication and information systems technology. Furthermore, people’s relation to work has been influenced by profound changes, for instance, knowledge itself is now regarded as a valuable work product and, thus, the workplace has become an environment of knowledge creation and learning. Modifications in the world economical, political and social scenarios led to the conclusion that knowledge is the differential that can lead to innovation and, consequently, save organizations, societies, and even countries from failing in achieving their main goals. Focusing on these matters is the Knowledge Management (KM) research area, which deals with the creation, integration and use of knowledge, aiming at improving the performance of individuals and organizations. Advances in this field are mainly motivated by the assumption that organizations should focus on knowledge assets (generally maintained by the members of an organization) to remain competitive in the information society’s market. This thesis argues that KM initiatives should be targeted based on a constructivist perspective. In general, a constructivist view on KM focuses on how knowledge emerges, giving great importance to the knowledge holders and their natural practices. With the paragraph above, the reader may already have an intuition of how this work faces and targets Knowledge Management, however, let us be more precise. Research in Knowledge Management has evolved substantially in the past 30 years, coming from a centralized view of KM processes to a distributed view, grounded in organizational and cognitive sciences studies that point out the social, distributed, and subjective nature of knowledge. The first Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs) were centrally based and followed a top-down design approach. The organization managers, supported by knowledge engineers, collected and structured the contents of an organizational memory as a finished product at design time (before the organizational memory was deployed) and then disseminated the product, expecting employees to use it and update it. However, employees often claimed that the knowledge stored in the repository was detached from their real working practices. This led to the development of evolutionary methods, which prescribe that the basic KM system is initially developed and evolves proactively in an on-going fashion. However, most of the initiatives are still based on building central repositories and portals, which assume standardized vocabularies, languages, and classification schemes. Consequently, employees’ lack of trust and motivation often lead to dissatisfaction. In other words, workers resist on sharing knowledge, since they do not know who is going to access it and what is going to be done with it. Moreover, the importance attributed to knowledge may give an impression that these central systems take away a valuable asset from his or her owner, without giving appreciable benefits in return. The problems highlighted in the previous paragraph may be attenuated or even solved if a top-down/bottom-up strategy is applied when proposing a KM solution. This means that the solution should be sought with aim at organizational goals (top-down) but at the same time, more attention should be given to the knowledge holders and on the natural processes they already use to share knowledge (bottom-up). Being active agency such an important principle of Constructivism, this work recognizes that the Agent Paradigm (first defined by Artificial Intelligence and more recently adopted by Software Engineering) is the best approach to target Knowledge Management, taking a technological and social perspective. Capable of modeling and supporting social environments, agents is here recognized as a suitable solution for Knowledge Management especially by providing a suitable metaphor used for modeling KM domains (i.e. representing humans and organizations) and systems. Applying agents as metaphors on KM is mainly motivated by the definition of agents as cognitive beings having characteristics that resemble human cognition, such as autonomy, reactivity, goals, beliefs, desires, and social-ability. Using agents as human abstractions is motivated by the fact that, for specific problems, such as software engineering and knowledge management process modeling, agents may aid the analyst to abstract away from some of the problems related to human complexity, and focus on the important issues that impact the specific goals, beliefs and tasks of agents of the domain. This often leads to a clear understanding of the current situation, which is essential for the proposal of an appropriate solution. The current situation may be understood by modeling at the same time the overall goals of the organization, and the needs and wants of knowledge holders. Towards facilitating the analysis of KM scenarios and the development of adequate solutions, this work proposes ARKnowD (Agent-oriented Recipe for Knowledge Management Systems Development). Systems here have a broad definition, comprehending both technology-based systems (e.g. information system, groupware, repositories) and/or human systems, i.e. human processes supporting KM using non-computational artifacts (e.g. brain stormings, creativity workshops). The basic philosophical assumptions behind ARKnowD are: a) the interactions between human and system should be understood according to the constructivist principle of self-construction, claiming that humans and communities are self-organizing entities that constantly construct their identities and evolve throughout endless interaction cycles. As a result of such interactions, humans shape systems and, at the same time, systems constrain the ways humans act and change; b) KM enabling systems should be built in a bottom-up approach, aiming at the organizational goals, but understanding that in order to fulfill these goals, some personal needs and wants of the knowledge holders (i.e. the organizational members) need to be targeted; and c) there is no “silver bullet��? when pursuing a KM tailoring methodology and the best approach is combining existing agent-oriented approaches according to the given domain or situation. This work shows how the principles above may be achieved by the integration of two existing work on agent-oriented software engineering, which are combined to guide KM analysts and system developers when conceiving KM solutions. Innovation in our work is achieved by supporting topdown/bottom-up approaches to KM as mentioned above. The proposed methodology does that by strongly emphasizing the earlier phases of software development, the so-called requirement analysis activity. In this way, we consider all stakeholders (organizations and humans) as agents in our analysis model, and start by understanding their relations before actually thinking of developing a system. Perhaps the problem may be more effectively solved by proposing changes in the business processes, rather than by making use of new technology. And besides, in addition to humans and organizations, existing systems are also included in the model from start, helping the analyst and designer to understand which functionalities are delegated to these so-called artificial agents. In addition to that, benefits as a result of the application of ARKnowD may be also attributed to our choice of using the proper agent cognitive characteristics in the different phases of the development cycle. With the main purpose of exemplifying the use of the proposed methodology, this work presents a socially-aware recommender agent named KARe (Knowledgeable Agent for Recommendations). Recommender Systems may be defined by those that support users in selecting items of their need from a big set of items, helping users to overcome the overwhelming feeling when facing a vast information source, such as the web, an organizational repository or the like. Besides serving as a case for our methodology, this work also aims at exploring the suitability of the KARe system to support KM processes. Our choice for supporting knowledge sharing through questioning and answering processes is again supported by Constructivism proponents, who understand that social interaction is vital for active knowledge building. This assumption is also defended by some KM theories, claiming that knowledge is created through cycles of transformation between two types of knowledge: tacit and explicit knowledge. Up to now, research on KM has paid much attention to the formalization and exchange of explicit knowledge, in the form of documents or other physical artifacts, often annotated with metadata, and classified by taxonomies or ontologies. Investigations surrounding tacit knowledge have been so far scarce, perhaps by the complexity of the tasks of capturing and integrating such kind of knowledge, defined as knowledge about personal experience and values, usually confined on people’s mind. Taking a flexible approach on supporting this kind of knowledge conversion, KARe relies on the potential of social interaction underlying organizational practices to support knowledge creation and sharing. The global objective of this work is to support knowledge creation and sharing within an organization, according to its own natural processes and social behaviors. In other words, this work is based on the assumption that KM is better supported if knowledge is looked at from a constructivist perspective. To sum up, this thesis aims at: 1) Providing an agent-oriented approach to guide the creation and evolvement of KM initiatives, by analyzing the organizational potentials, behaviors and processes concerning knowledge sharing; 2) Developing the KARe recommender system, based on a semantically enriched Information Retrieval technique for recommending knowledge artifacts, supporting users to ask and answer to each others’ questions. These objectives are achieved as follows: - Defining the principles that characterize a Constructivist KM supporting environment and understanding how they may be used to support the creation of more effective KM solutions; - Providing an agent-oriented approach to develop KM systems. This approach is based on the integration of two different agent-oriented software engineering works, profiting from their strengths in providing a comprehensive methodology that targets both analysis and design activities; - Proposing and designing a socially aware agent-oriented recommender system both to exemplify the application of the proposed approach and to explore its potential on supporting knowledge creation and sharing. - Implementing an Information Retrieval algorithm to support the previously mentioned system in generating recommendations. Besides describing the algorithm, this thesis brings experimental results to prove its effectiveness

Online collaborative learning in tertiary ICT education to enhance students' learning in Malaysia

This study investigated the nature of students’, and student group, interactions through the incorporation of an online collaborative learning (OCL) initiative, with its aim to enhance students’ learning in a Malaysian tertiary classroom. In order to contribute to knowledge and understanding about the nature and quality of OCL, the learning processes and outcomes were drawn predominantly from Harasim’s model, with inclusion of a socio-cultural framework aimed at enhancing learning outcomes for undergraduate science and ICT education students. Harasim’s model of OCL that was used in the intervention includes steps to setting up the stage and a system for Idea Generating (IG), modeling and guiding the OCL discussions for Idea Organizing (IO), and evaluating and reflecting the OCL discussions for Intellectual Convergence (IC). The interactions in OCL were analysed through four dimensions: participative, interactive, social, and cognitive in support of the students’ cognitive, social and emotional development. The OCL intervention in this study was conducted through an ICT education course in a Malaysian university that required OCL discussions for 13 weeks: the first four weeks were intra-group work discussions (Task 1), followed by four/five weeks of inter-group work discussions (Task 2), and the remaining four weeks were for the final intra-group work discussions (Task 3). The OCL intervention was aimed at facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration and interaction between students from Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics majors through the university’s Learning Management System (Moodle), which provided the shared space for the OCL discourse and tools for collaboration. A total of nine groups of four to six students (N=46) were involved in this study. In order to evaluate the OCL intervention using a holistic view, an interpretive approach that included the collection of quantitative and qualitative data was adopted to frame the collection and analysis of the data. Quantitative data were obtained from online questionnaires, together with online data based on the frequency of students’ posts in participative, interactive, social, and cognitive dimensions. Qualitative data were gathered via interviews with students (group and post-course interviews) and lecturers, and online transcripts that included online postings and students’ online journal entries. These data were collected and analysed in order to triangulate the findings and to help the researcher assess the extent to which the intervention was successful in enhancing students’ learning. The findings from the study revealed the nature of students’ interactions in OCL correspond with particular socio-cultural views that students’ interactions are characterised based on the participative, interactive, social and cognitive dimensions in support of the students’ cognitive, social and emotional development. From a socio-cultural perspective, the outcomes that arose from the study included: • The socio-cultural learning constructs have been useful as a framework for the analysis of the OCL intervention based on the participative, interactive, social and cognitive dimensions. • The affordances of the OCL group work helped the students’ in their group work. • The constraints of OCL influence the communication methods, and interaction styles used by students in achieving task goals through group work in the OCL intervention. The findings also show students’ interactions and student group interactions were an important part of the learning process. The implementation of OCL intervention into the course can lead to the facilitation of the student group learning process as well as supporting their cognitive, social and emotional development, and potential constraints from the technology (e.g. Internet connection) or the lack of social and verbal cues (e.g. facial expression) can lead to different working methods of communication for achieving task goals and different styles of interactions. Overall, the findings of the study indicate the value of OCL in a tertiary classroom to enhance learning

GeNeMe ´02 - Virtuelle Organisation und Neue Medien 2002: Workshop GeNeMe2002 Gemeinschaften in Neuen Medien: TU Dresden, 26. und 27. September 2002

Aus dem Vorwort: "Vor uns liegt der nunmehr fünfte Band unserer Tagungsreihe GeNeMe - Gemeinschaften in Neuen Medien - mit einer Vielzahl von Beiträgen in den Rubriken - Geschäfts- und Betreibermodelle von GeNeMe (siehe Einführung), - Konzepte von GeNeMe, - E-Learning in GeNeMe, - Kooperation in GeNeMe, - Anwendungen in GeNeMe, - Wissen und GeNeMe, - Medien für GeNeMe. Aus dem großen Angebot konnte wegen der Beschränkungen, die wir uns für die Tagung auferlegt haben, nur etwa die Hälfte der Beiträge Aufnahme finden. Das Interesse am Thema GeNeMe und das Diskussionsangebot von Ergebnissen zu diesem Thema sind im Lichte unserer Tagung also weiter steigend. Auch haben sich Konkretheit und Praxisbezug in den Beiträgen durchgesetzt. Die thematischen Rubriken wurden entgegen denen in der ersten Ankündigung entsprechend der Struktur des Angebotes neu gefasst. Dabei ist die explizite Diskussion von Geschäfts- und Betreiber-Modellen für GeNeMe (Virtuelle Unternehmen, Virtuelle Gemeinschaften etc.), insbesondere in der derzeit gedämpften gesamtwirtschaftlichen Lage, zeitgemäß und essentiell für ein Bestehen im Leben der Konzepte und Anwendungen für/in GeNeMe.":A. EINFÜHRUNG 1 A.1. GESCHÄFTSMODELL VIRTUELLE COMMUNITY: EINE ANALYSE BESTEHENDER COMMUNITIES 1 Jan Marco Leimeister, Andrea Bantleon, Prof. Dr. Helmut Krcmar Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Universität Hohenheim A.2. VIRTUELLE BILDUNGSNETZWERKE: STRUKTUR- UND BETREIBERMODELLE AM BEISPIELWINFOLINE 41 Oliver Bohl, Prof. Dr. Udo Winand Universität Kassel Guido Grohmann, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. August-Wilhelm Scheer Universität des Saarlandes B. KONZEPTE VON GENEME 69 B.1. PEER-TO-PEER – EINE „VERTEILTE TECHNOLOGIE AUF DER SUCHE NACH EINEM „ZENTRALEN“ VERSTÄNDNIS 69 Claus Eikemeier, Prof. Dr. Ulrike Lechner Fachbereich für Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Bremen B.2. STRUKTURBILDUNG IN P2P-NETWORK-COMMUNITIES 91 Markus Wulff, Dr. Herwig Unger Fachbereich Informatik, Universität Rostock B.3. REPUTATION ALS STEUERUNGSINSTRUMENT IN NETZWERKINTERNENMÄRKTEN 107 Stefan Wittenberg, Prof. Dr. Thomas Hess Seminar für Wirtschaftsinformatik und Neue Medien, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München B.4. AUFTRAGSBEZOGENE PARTNERSELEKTION IN UNTERNEHMENSNETZWERKEN UNTER BENUTZUNG EINER MULTIKRITERIELLEN ZIELFUNKTION INNERHALB EINER ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION 133 Dr. rer. pol. Tobias Teich, Marco Fischer, Hendrik Jähn Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz C. E-LEARNING IN GENEME 161 C.1. VIRTUELLE LERNGEMEINSCHAFTEN IN DER VFH 161 Udo Hinze, Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Gerold Blakowski Fachbereich Wirtschaft, Fachhochschule Stralsund C.2. ANFORDERUNGEN AN EINE TOOL-UNTERSTÜTZUNG FÜR LEHRENDE IN VIRTUELLEN KOLLABORATIVEN LERNSITUATIONEN – DIDAKTISCHE NORMEN UND PRAKTISCHE ERFAHRUNGEN AM BEISPIEL EINES E-COMMERCE-LERNPROJEKTES 189 Ildikó Balázs, Prof. Dr. Eric Schoop Fakultät Wirtschafstwissenschaften, Technische Universität Dresden C.3. NETZBASIERTES LERNEN UND ARBEITEN IN VIRTUELLEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN 219 Romy Pfretzschner, Dr. Thomas Hoppe Institut für Informatik, Universität Leipzig C.4. TELEKOOPERATIVES SEMINAR "VERNETZUNG UND GESELLSCHAFTLICHE ENTWICKLUNG" 241 Hermann Leustik Institut für Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Universität Klagenfurt C.5. UNTERSTÜTZUNG VIRTUELLER LERNGEMEINSCHAFTEN DURCH GROUPWARE-TOOLS 259 Udo Hinze, Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Gerold Blakowski Fachbereich Wirtschaft, Fachhochschule Stralsund C.6. NEUEMEDIEN IN GUTER UNIVERSITÄRER LEHRE 287 Michael Janneck, Monique Strauss Fachbereich Informatik,Universität Hamburg C.7. NACHFRAGE UND ANGEBOT ZUR BENUTZUNGSBETREUUNG VON SOFTWARE IM UNIVERSITÄREN LEHRBETRIEB 305 Bernd Pape, Iver Jackewitz Fachbereich Informatik / WissPro, Universität Hamburg XI D. KOOPERATION IN GENEME 333 D.1. INTERNETBASIERTE PROJEKTKOORDINATION UND –STEUERUNG FÜR INGENIEURBÜROS 333 Rainer Münster, DE-Consult, Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Böttcher, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Saarland, Saarbrücken Walter Stegner, DE-Consult, Karlsruhe D.2.WEGE ZU EINER SOFTWARE-KOMPONENTEN-INDUSTRIE - ERFOLGSFAKTOREN FÜR DIE BILDUNG VON VIRTUELLEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN IN DER SOFTWAREENTWICKLUNG 365 Oliver Höß, Anette Weisbecker Fraunhofer-Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation, Universtität Stuttgart D.3. EINE RAHMENANWENDUNG FÜR DIE INFORMELLE TEAMARBEIT IN DOKUMENTENBESTÄNDEN 387 Alexander Lorz Heinz-Nixdorf-Stiftungslehrstuhl für Multimediatechnik, Technische Universität Dresden D.4. KAVIDO - EIN WEB-BASIERTES SYSTEM FÜR KOOPERATIVE FORSCHUNGSUND ENTWICKLUNGSPROZESSE 411 Oliver Taminé, Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Dillmann Institut für industrielle Anwendungen der Informatik und Mikrosystemtechnik, Universität Karlsruhe D.5. DER ÜBERGANG VOM E-COMMERCE ZUM COLLABORATIVE BUSINESS BEIM ANZEIGENGESCHÄFT VON ZEITUNGEN 425 Dr. Thomas Schindler, Robert Buck SAP Systems Integration AG, Freiberg a.N. Patrick Laz Manchette Publicité, St. Ouen, Frankreich XII D.6. VIRTUELLE INFORMATIONSSYSTEME ZUR UNTERSTÜTZUNG VON ORGANISATIONEN IN DEN NEUENMEDIEN 441 Detlef Neumann Technische Universität Dresden D.7. ANWENDUNGSINTEGRATION ENTLANG DER GESCHÄFTS-PROZESSE MITTELS WORKFLOW-MANAGEMENT-SYSTEM "KONTEXTFLOW" 57 Martin Halatchev Technische Universität Dresden E. ANWENDUNGEN IN GENEME 471 E.1. COMMUNITY ENGINEERING IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN: MOBILE VIRTUELLE GEMEINSCHAFTEN FÜR KREBSPATIENTEN - DAS PROJEKT COSMOS 471 Miriam Daum, Jan Marco Leimeister, Prof. Dr. Helmut Krcmar Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsinformatik, Universität Hohenheim E.2. E-COMMERCE IN DER ENTSORGUNGSINDUSTRIE: EINE E-COMMERCELÖSUNG FÜR DIENSTLEISTUNGEN ALS INSTRUMENT ZUR KUNDENBINDUNG IN DER ENTSORGUNGSINDUSTRIE 489 Prof. Dr. W. Dangelmaier, Andreas Emmrich, Ulrich Pape, Jörn Szegunis Fraunhofer ALB, Paderborn Thomas Grimm SULO Gruppe, Herford E.3. VON DER FOOD-COOP ZURMOBILITÄTS-COOP: COMPUTERGESTÜTZTE KOOPERATION ALS BEITRAG ZUR RESSOURCENSCHONUNG 513 Stefan Naumann Institut für Softwaresysteme in Wirtschaft, Umwelt und Verwaltung Fachhochschule Trier, Standort Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld F. WISSEN UND GENEME 529 F.1. EINFÜHRUNG UND ETABLIERUNG EINER KULTUR DESWISSENTEILENS IN ORGANISATIONEN 529 Prof. Dr. Heimo H. Adelsberger, Markus Bick, Thomas Hanke Wirtschaftsinformatik der Produktionsunternehmen, Universität Essen XIII F.2. VIRTUELLE KONFERENZEN 553 Claudia Bremer Kompetenzzentrum Neue Medien in der Lehre, Universität Frankfurt/Main F.3. EINSATZMÖGLICHKEITEN VON TEXT-MINING ZUR UNTER-STÜTZUNG VON INTERNETBASIERTEN IDEENFINDUNGS-PROZESSEN 577 Dirk Krause Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik Universität Leipzig G. MEDIEN FÜR GENEME 593 G.1. CRM AUF DER BASIS VON INTERNETTECHNOLOGIEN – EIN BEISPIEL 593 Dr. Roland Schröder Bode Management Consultants GmbH, Hamburg G.2. ENTWICKLUNG EINES DYNAMISCHEN WAP-INTERFACE AM BEISPIEL DER GESCHÄFTSPARTNERVERWALTUNG DES DOKUMENTENMANGEMENTSYSTEMS DOKWORKS DER FIRMA PHOENIX EDV- SYSTEMTECHNIK GMBH, ITZEHOE 613 Mathias Schnoor, Prof. Dr. Jörg Raasch Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hambur

Closing Information Gaps with Need-driven Knowledge Sharing

Informationslücken schließen durch bedarfsgetriebenen Wissensaustausch Systeme zum asynchronen Wissensaustausch – wie Intranets, Wikis oder Dateiserver – leiden häufig unter mangelnden Nutzerbeiträgen. Ein Hauptgrund dafür ist, dass Informationsanbieter von Informationsuchenden entkoppelt, und deshalb nur wenig über deren Informationsbedarf gewahr sind. Zentrale Fragen des Wissensmanagements sind daher, welches Wissen besonders wertvoll ist und mit welchen Mitteln Wissensträger dazu motiviert werden können, es zu teilen. Diese Arbeit entwirft dazu den Ansatz des bedarfsgetriebenen Wissensaustauschs (NKS), der aus drei Elementen besteht. Zunächst werden dabei Indikatoren für den Informationsbedarf erhoben – insbesondere Suchanfragen – über deren Aggregation eine fortlaufende Prognose des organisationalen Informationsbedarfs (OIN) abgeleitet wird. Durch den Abgleich mit vorhandenen Informationen in persönlichen und geteilten Informationsräumen werden daraus organisationale Informationslücken (OIG) ermittelt, die auf fehlende Informationen hindeuten. Diese Lücken werden mit Hilfe so genannter Mediationsdienste und Mediationsräume transparent gemacht. Diese helfen Aufmerksamkeit für organisationale Informationsbedürfnisse zu schaffen und den Wissensaustausch zu steuern. Die konkrete Umsetzung von NKS wird durch drei unterschiedliche Anwendungen illustriert, die allesamt auf bewährten Wissensmanagementsystemen aufbauen. Bei der Inversen Suche handelt es sich um ein Werkzeug das Wissensträgern vorschlägt Dokumente aus ihrem persönlichen Informationsraum zu teilen, um damit organisationale Informationslücken zu schließen. Woogle erweitert herkömmliche Wiki-Systeme um Steuerungsinstrumente zur Erkennung und Priorisierung fehlender Informationen, so dass die Weiterentwicklung der Wiki-Inhalte nachfrageorientiert gestaltet werden kann. Auf ähnliche Weise steuert Semantic Need, eine Erweiterung für Semantic MediaWiki, die Erfassung von strukturierten, semantischen Daten basierend auf Informationsbedarf der in Form strukturierter Anfragen vorliegt. Die Umsetzung und Evaluation der drei Werkzeuge zeigt, dass bedarfsgetriebener Wissensaustausch technisch realisierbar ist und eine wichtige Ergänzung für das Wissensmanagement sein kann. Darüber hinaus bietet das Konzept der Mediationsdienste und Mediationsräume einen Rahmen für die Analyse und Gestaltung von Werkzeugen gemäß der NKS-Prinzipien. Schließlich liefert der hier vorstellte Ansatz auch Impulse für die Weiterentwicklung von Internetdiensten und -Infrastrukturen wie der Wikipedia oder dem Semantic Web