Publications 1994

This publication comprises the monographs published by the Institutions of the Communit

The Luxembourg Teacher Databank 1845-1939. Academic Research into the Social History of the Luxembourg Primary School Teaching Staff

From 1845 to 1939 the pedagogical journal Der Luxemburger Schulbote published a comprehensive annual directory of the primary school teaching staff of the Grand Duchy. On the basis of this directory, we have established a databank encompassing 75,000 entries relating to a total of approx. 4,700 primary school teachers, both male and female, who taught in the Grand Duchy during this period. With the assistance of IBM SPSS Statistics, we have been able to process the data and compile a collective biography or prosopography that provides a profound insight into the development of an occupational group over a period of nearly 100 years at a local, regional and national level. This paper presents an analysis of initial research findings relating to the number of teaching staff, length of service and the level of qualification and mobility among teaching staff for the first half of this period from 1845 to 1895

Publications 1994

This publication comprises the monographs published by the Institutions of the Communit

Plastic surgery in the European Union: A study of development, training, manpowerplanning and migration

The aim of this study is to clarify the role of plastic surgery in the European Union (the former European Connnnnity). The idea is that this will lead to a better understanding of the specialty among laymen., colleagnes and healthcare officials. To this end, the historical development of the specialty and its present day problems, including the European Unification and border zone activities by other specialties, will be discussed. Whenever possible, links and counections with the historical development and the boundary problems will be sought in the discussion of the subject under review, which subjects will be categorized under severa! headings. Also, the training in plastic surgery will be analysed and a comparison will be made concerning the various EU countries (the fonner EC countries). Furthermore, the effects of European Unification including the possible need for European standardization of contents and training of the specialty and manpower planning and migration within Europe will be discussed. Finally, reconnnendations will be made for the future development of the specialty. Plastic surgery is an intrigning specialty. On the one hand it has experienced a tremendous development, on the other hand there are problems, due to its complexity (Luce, 1993), which require clarification. The need to discuss these problems is partly caused by the increasing media coverage of the aesthetic side of the specialty of plastic surgery and by the boundary problems with other specialties

Inter-generational diachronic study of the German-Jewish Fein family from Leipzig

The aim of this study was first of all to describe, analyse and reconstruct the experiences of the German-Jewish merchant family Fein. This micro-historical intergenerational diachronic survey begins in the first half of the 19th century in order to gain an insight into how, during the course of around 120 years, the political, economical, social and cultural conditions of Jewish life in Leipzig were perceived by and affected the family from within. Finally an outlook shall examine successive stages of the family’s integration into English society after its expulsion from Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1938. As well as comparing patterns of how the family assimilated and adapted both in Germany and England, the thesis also highlights how their perception of Germany changed. As a Jewish fur-trading family originating from Brody in Galicia, the Fein family started to settle in Leipzig in the 1840s and one can perceive all further developments as a representative example of an assimilated Jewish bourgeois family. However, the coming to power of the National Socialists forced the 3rd and 4th generations to migrate again, under drastic conditions which were very different from those of the family members first officially registered in Leipzig in 1862. As early as 1933, some family members were obliged to leave Germany in order to earn their living elsewhere. In 1938 this current culminates in the enforced confiscation of the family business Fein & Co. During this wave of emigration, most of the family members went to London, some to New York, but whatever the destination, they saw themselves once more confronted with the need to integrate successfully into a new society. The stories of these two immigrations – from Poland to Germany, and from Germany to the England or the US – are set off against one another. Thanks to official archived material, private notes, family correspondence and a variety of other documents put at disposal by the family, as well as some oral-history interviews, it was attempted to carry out a group-biographical analysis of the family’s history. This analysis is then being embedded into the historical context and the issues the Jewish bourgeoisie was exposed to in Germany. To do this, the family members’ experiences of the regularly changing political regimes in Germany are considered: the Kingdom of Saxony, the German Reich from 1871, the era of the Wilhelmism, the Weimar Republic and the National Socialist 3rd Reich

Museums without walls: The museology of Georges Henri Riviere

This thesis explores important aspects of the debates and practices that since the First World War have both extended the meaning of museums and museology, and renovated what was seen by many as a stagnated 19th century model of museum policy and communication. For the purpose of illustrating the manifold nature of these debates this thesis examines the life and work of French museologist and innovator of modern French ethnographical practice, Georges Henri Rivière (1897 – 1985). It draws on the conceptual distinction made in some international museum literature between museology and museums. This distinction stems from the different assumptions introduced by two long term projects of cultural development: the 18th century projects of enlightenment and the 20th century promotion of an anthropological conception of culture. The former is closely related to the European system of fine art understood as a system of promotion and popularization of the arts. The latter is part of the efforts of the human and social sciences to insert museums in the society they serve and/or to give a democratic representation to the variety of cultures existing in a society at large. The consequence was the development, in the course of the 20th Century, of two often opposing managerial policies and cultures, one inwards looking, aiming at modernization and professionalization of internal museum functions, the other focusing on closing the relationship of museology and its natural and social environment. The first was essentially administrative and scholar-based, and has thrived with the adoption of a culture of mass consumption and multiplied its functions according to an ever-dominant division of labour. The second is proactive and externally driven, a policy and managerial culture aiming at the management of processes and resources, and at the identifications and development of the living cultures existing in a society. In this line of thought this research explores the museology of Rivet-Rivière’s Musée-Laboratoire as part of a national project of cultural development aiming at changing the relationship of French citizens to their material culture and heritage. As the museological embodiment of the myth of primitivism, Rivet-Rivière’s ‘structural museology’ was shaped by the convergence of avant-garde movements in contemporary arts with the object-based ethnology of Marcel Mauss. It eventually led not only to Rivière’s most famous concept, the Ecomusée, but also to a ‘museology without walls’ and to the diversification and multiplication of local museological practices by which every activity existing in a territory could be given museographical expression. As cultural activist, Rivière was at the crossroads of major events and personalities of his time, and his museological talent was placed at the service of their concerns and expectations, particularly through his long involvement with the UNESCO-linked International Council of Museums (ICOM). Furthermore, his privileged positions in the culture of its time made him a significant witness, not just of the debate about museums, but of 20th century French cultural life

Museums without walls : the museology of Georges Henri Riviere

This thesis explores important aspects of the debates and practices that since the First World War have both extended the meaning of museums and museology, and renovated what was seen by many as a stagnated 19th century model of museum policy and communication. For the purpose of illustrating the manifold nature of these debates this thesis examines the life and work of French museologist and innovator of modern French ethnographical practice, Georges Henri Rivière (1897 – 1985). It draws on the conceptual distinction made in some international museum literature between museology and museums. This distinction stems from the different assumptions introduced by two long term projects of cultural development: the 18th century projects of enlightenment and the 20th century promotion of an anthropological conception of culture. The former is closely related to the European system of fine art understood as a system of promotion and popularization of the arts. The latter is part of the efforts of the human and social sciences to insert museums in the society they serve and/or to give a democratic representation to the variety of cultures existing in a society at large. The consequence was the development, in the course of the 20th Century, of two often opposing managerial policies and cultures, one inwards looking, aiming at modernization and professionalization of internal museum functions, the other focusing on closing the relationship of museology and its natural and social environment. The first was essentially administrative and scholar-based, and has thrived with the adoption of a culture of mass consumption and multiplied its functions according to an ever-dominant division of labour. The second is proactive and externally driven, a policy and managerial culture aiming at the management of processes and resources, and at the identifications and development of the living cultures existing in a society. In this line of thought this research explores the museology of Rivet-Rivière’s Musée-Laboratoire as part of a national project of cultural development aiming at changing the relationship of French citizens to their material culture and heritage. As the museological embodiment of the myth of primitivism, Rivet-Rivière’s ‘structural museology’ was shaped by the convergence of avant-garde movements in contemporary arts with the object-based ethnology of Marcel Mauss. It eventually led not only to Rivière’s most famous concept, the Ecomusée, but also to a ‘museology without walls’ and to the diversification and multiplication of local museological practices by which every activity existing in a territory could be given museographical expression. As cultural activist, Rivière was at the crossroads of major events and personalities of his time, and his museological talent was placed at the service of their concerns and expectations, particularly through his long involvement with the UNESCO-linked International Council of Museums (ICOM). Furthermore, his privileged positions in the culture of its time made him a significant witness, not just of the debate about museums, but of 20th century French cultural life.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Fashion, Textiles and the Origins of Industrial Revolution

Styles, J., 'Fashion, Textiles and the Origins of Industrial Revolution', this article has been published in a Special Issue of the East Asian Journal of British History, Vol 5, March 2016, 'Anglo-Japanese Conference of Historians 2015, Changing Networks and Power in British History: Politics, Society, Trade'. The final, published version is available online at: http://www.history.ac.uk/sites/history.ac.uk/files/eajbhvol5.pdfThis article outlines an argument about the origins of the Industrial Revolution in textiles. It arises from the research project Spinning in the Era of the Spinning Wheel, 1400-1800, a study of spinning in England from the introduction of the spinning wheel during the later Middle Ages to its eclipse by the powered spinning machine early in the nineteenth century. A focus on hand spinning in the centuries before the Industrial Revolution enabled Spinning in the Era of the Spinning Wheel to address issues frequently ignored by economic historians. They have typically dismissed hand spinning as a low-skill, low-productivity, feminised bottleneck to be overcome in the forward march of technological progress, devoting much more effort to understanding the new, mechanical technologies of the Industrial Revolution than the hand techniques they replaced. To avoid this pitfall, the project researched the fibre content of surviving early-modern yarns and fabrics, and explored the relationships between their materiality and their markets. Applying this approach to eighteenth-century linen and cotton textiles generated new perspectives on the origins of the British Industrial Revolution, which challenge currently influential views.Peer reviewe