The Apple Tree

Consider an individual whose preferences are changing over time. How do we assess her welfare? We argue that this is an empirically relevant question as preferences are constantly changing over time if the agent has a bias towards the present. We present a simple example where preferences are changing over time (the apple tree) and use it to aid our discussion of welfare. We critically assess the approach that focuses on the decision maker (revealed preference) and the one that ignores the decision maker (long-run self) with reference to some recent literature. Finally, we look at some of the problems that arise when we consider a sovereign individual who aggregates her changing preferences.

Soil water use by apple trees : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Agricultural Science in Soil Science at Massey University, New Zealand

The study investigated the soil water use of an unirrigated tree and an irrigated apple tree in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand in the middle of the summer of 1988/1989. A rainout shelter was used to eliminate any water inputs from both irrigation and rain to the unirrigated tree. The irrigated tree received water inputs from both irrigation and rain. The soil water content was measured by neutron probing and time domain reflectometry. The heat pulse technique was used to measure the sap-flow in the apple trunks. Both leaf water pressure potential and stomatal resistance were measured by the pressure chamber and porometer respectively. A measuring cylinder was used to monitor the apple growth during the study. The results of the water use measurements were that - the neutron probing and time domain reflectometry showed the soil water use was about 77 litres (4.3 mm) per day taken from 0 - 1900 mm depth around the irrigated tree. However soil water extraction around the unirrigated tree was only 19 litres (1 mm) per day at the beginning of the study, and no water extraction was measured from the top 1900 mm later in the study. - the heat pulse technique showed that the unirrigated tree extracted slightly more soil water than the irrigated tree. The average sap-flow measured was 66 litres per day. Probably the unirrigated tree extracted much of its water from below 1900 mm depth, or from beyond the covered area. - the amount of water use by the apple trees was similar to regional evaporation estimates obtained using the Priestley - Taylor formula, when 0.66 fractional canopy cover was assumed. The water stress monitoring showed that a pressure chamber technique was a more sensitive way to monitor ress than was porometry. e leaf water pressure potential values showed a significant difference between the irrigated and the unirrigated apple tree ring the latter part of the study. The readily available soil water storage capacity from 0 to 400 depth (the most active part of the root zone) , from 0 - 1000 mm h, and from 0 to 1900 mm, was about 36 mm, 89 mm and 170 mm actively. When there was a lack of available soil water on the oil, the root system was forced to extract soil water from deep in soil profile. The comparison of apple fruit growth showed that during the last days of the study, the apples on the unirrigated tree grew more ly than those on the irrigated tree

The problem of pika control in Baluchistand, Pakistan

The collared pika, Ochotona rufescens, has been recorded as a serious pest in apple orchards in the uplands valley of Ziarat in Baluchistan. In the winter, when the natural vegetation is lacking, the pikas debark the apple tree trunks or branches resulting in the killing of the tree and reduced fruit production. In summer, damage to wheat, corn and potatoes is also very severe. It is estimated that pikas cause hundreds of thousands of dollars (US) in annual apple production losses. The apple production in Baluchistan accounts for about 35 percent of the total provincial income through food production. During the six years (1974-1979), the winter of 1973-74 was noted for heavy damage to apple trees and thereafter it declined steadily. The control measures evaluated were of various kinds among which repellent "Ostico" was very effective in protecting the trees. Poison baiting with brodifacoum (0.005%), Vacor (1%) and thallium sulphate (1%) were also effective in reducing the pika population. To alleviate damage caused by pikas, the farmers also practice some traditional protective methods which in some cases are quite effective but very laborious

Organic field-testing of compounds to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) in combination with alleyway cover crops

To find new potential fungicides acceptable to organic production preventing apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) infections on leaf and fruits during primary apple scab infection period. The trials were carried out in combination with different cover crop treatments in single-tree plots. The formerly resistant variety ‘Delorina’ on rootstock M9, planted 1995 at a planting distance of 3.3 m x 1.6 m, unfertilized and with mechanical weed cleaning in the tree row, were used. The experimental orchard is located at Research Centre Aarslev (100 27´ E, 550 18´N)

Modern approaches for breeding high quality apples with durable resistance to scab, powdery mildew and fire blight

New methods to allow for more precise selection of tree and fruit characters in breeding programmes were developed in recent years. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is common practice in the ACW apple breeding programme at Wädenswil. Genetic markers can reduce the number of plants and the time required for evaluation, thus new varieties become commercially available sooner. How can this molecular selection method reasonably be applied in an apple breeding programme? Application of phenotypic and molecular selection techniques in the ACW apple breeding programme and results are presented

Effect of Rapid or slow release nitrogen supply and cover crop/weed management on crop yield, pest incidence and fruit quality in intensive organic apple production

Apple is the commercially most important top fruit crop grown in the European Union. In spring 2001 one-year-old trees of the apple variety ‘Ingrid Marie’ were established in an organic production system with 3.0 m between the tree rows. Each plot consisted of three semi-plots at planting distances 0.6m (5555 trees ha-1), 0.9 m (3333 trees ha –1) and 1.2 m (2777 trees ha-1). Tree growth, soil moisture, soil-, leaf- and branch analysis, diseases, fruit production, outer and inner fruit quality were measured. The healthiest trees with the best coloured fruits were produced on trees grown in weed. But the yield was so low that production was not economical. A high production combined with trees less infected with fruit tree canker and with a satisfactory colouring was produced on trees grown in intensive production system of 5555 trees per ha with no nitrogen supply

The Apple Tree

Poster promoting Venture Theatre\u27s production of The Apple Tree, A Musical Comedy. UNF Library Lounge. Poster dimensions: 35.6 cm x 56.2 cmhttps://digitalcommons.unf.edu/performances_print/1008/thumbnail.jp

The Apple Tree

https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/theater-programs/1059/thumbnail.jp

The Apple Tree

We as human beings inherently strive to live the best life that we possibly can. We all want to be happy. Many times we see happiness in terms of what and how much we posses. This story is about how we don\u27t always need the biggest and the best to be happy. The simple things in life are the ones that matter. Through this paper I will document my process in the making of my thesis animation The Apple Tree . I will discuss how my main character Zach, discovers through his interaction with a magical apple tree, that biggest isn\u27t always best