Conceptualizing Livelihood Strategies in African Cities: Planning and Development Implications of Multiple Livelihood Strategies

This manuscript is an article from Journal of Planning Education and Research 26(4) 2007: 450-465. doi: 10.1177/0739456X06298818. Posted with permission</p

지속가능한 식량 생산을 위한 도시농업의 조건

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2021. 2. 박미선.More than half of the worlds population lives in urban areas, and one-third of the urban dwellers live in desperate poverty without access to adequate food. Given that urban poverty has become a serious problem, urban agriculture has been regarded as one of the major strategies for securing food in various cities. Many conditions exist in urban agriculture, which vary in agricultural types and systems. However, only few studies have been conducted, that too, on a limited scale, providing information about conditions for the implementation of urban agriculture. Based on these contexts, the purpose of this study is to identify conditions for urban agriculture for its better implementation. This study used literature that focused on the food supply role of urban agriculture as analysis data to classify the urban agriculture conditions within the three dimensions—necessity, ability, and opportunity—and the enabling and constraining conditions for urban agriculture within these dimensions were identified. Additionally, this study determined the primary and secondary conditions for urban agriculture according to the degree mentioned in the literature. Overall, our work provides a decisive guideline for identifying the priorities of the conditions to be considered when establishing urban agriculture revitalization policies. This paper will contribute to the establishment of effective urban agriculture policies in urban development and planning.세계 인구의 절반 이상이 도시에 살고 있고, 도시 인구의 3분의 1은 적절한 식량을 섭취하지 못한 채 빈곤 속에 살아간다. 현재 인류는 도시 빈곤이라는 문제를 직면하였고, 도시농업은 여러 도시에서 식량 확보를 위한 주요 전략 중 하나로 시도되고 있다. 그러나 도시농업의 성공적 시행을 위한 조건에 대한 정보를 제공하는 연구는 국소적인 차원에서만 이루어져 왔다. 이러한 이유로 본 연구는 도시농업 도입 및 시행을 위한 조건을 파악하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 본 연구는 도시농업의 식량 공급 기능에 관한 선행논문을 활용하여 도시농업에 관한 필요, 역량, 기회 조건을 파악하고, 해당 구조 안에서 도시농업을 가능하게 하는 조건과 방해하는 조건을 구분하였다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 선행 연구 결과를 기반으로 성공적인 도시농업 실행을 위한 주요 조건과 부수 조건을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 성공적인 도시농업 정책을 수립하면서 종합적으로 고려해야 할 다양한 조건들의 우선순위를 파악하는데 결정적인 정보를 제공하며, 도시발전 계획과정에서 효과적인 도시농업정책을 수립하는 데 기여할 것이다.Abstract i Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Review of Literature 5 2.1. Urban Agriculture and Knowledge Gap 5 2.2. Urban Agriculture and Condition Analysis 6 3. Theoretical Background 9 3.1. Urban Agriculture and Food Security 9 3.2. Urban Agriculture and Income Levels 12 3.3. Enabling and Constraining Conditions 14 3.4. Compositional Elements of Urban Agriculture 18 4. Data and Procedure 21 4.1. Literature Selection 23 4.2. Coding and Tabulating 25 5. Results 27 5.1. Descriptive Analysis 27 5.2. Conditions for Urban Agriculture 31 5.2.1. Necessity 31 5.2.2. Ability 35 5.2.3. Opportunity 38 6. Discussion 51 6.1. The Rise of Urban Agriculture 52 6.2. Enabling Conditions and Income Levels 57 6.3. Constraining Conditions and Income Levels 63 6.4. Urban Agriculture Conditions and Urban Planning 67 7. Conclusion 72 References 74 Appendix 1. List of Included Articles for Analysis 95 Appendix 2. Condition List 109 Abstract in Korean 118Maste

State of the art report for RurbanAfrica work package 3: city dynamics

State of the art report for RurbanAfrica work package 3: city dynamic

Settlement in Transition: a Transformation of a Village into a Small Town in Western Sudan

UN-Habitat projects Sub-Saharan Africa’s global share of the urban population to increase from 11.3% in 2010 to 20.2% by 2050. Yet little is documented about the underlying urbanization processes, particularly of emergence of small towns. This article uses household interviews, focus groups, observation, and secondary data to examine the spontaneous transformation of a western Sudanese village, Shubbola, into a small town. We use changes in building construction approach, materials, and style as an indicator of development and provide rare documentation of the process, the main actors, choices taken, timescales, and outcomes of the rapid urbanization of Shubbola between 2006 and 2013. Housing transformation was variable but involved a gradual process of replacing traditional non-durable building materials (wood and straw) with modern durable ones (sun- or fire-cured bricks, cement blocks, and metal roofs). Unlike traditional top-down models of urbanization generally driven by government investment, Shubbola epitomizes an organic, bottom-up process dependent on self-reliance and agriculture development fueled by remittances from urban-based relatives. While many small towns with similar origins fail to do so, Shubbola already provided important urban services to its inhabitants and surrounding rural areas. The study enhances understanding of small towns and underlying urbanization processes and their contribution to often neglected bottom-up, low-cost processes that do not fit traditional top-down models. It also contributes to literature and policy on sustainable cities and their role in sustainable development as encapsulated in UN Sustainable Development Goal 11. The study contributes to understanding the processes and implications of rapid urbanization in the Sudan and Africa and other world regions

Urban Impoverishment and Multiple Modes of Livelihood in Ghana

Many African countries experienced economic crisis in the 1970s and are currently restructuring their economies under the tutelage of the World Bank and the IMF. The restructuring process has had pervasive effects on the livelihood strategies of many people, as their established means of income generation have been disrupted. While survival of the urban poor has been studied, little is known of strategies of other social groups. Using Ghana as a case study, I argue that although urban poverty predates the implementation of structural adjustment program (SAP), the policies have created a favorable environment for the intensification of multiple livelihood strategies among of salaried employees. The paper finds that multiple livelihood strategies are practiced by a large number of salaried employees, but their involvement depends on many factors, including individual, family and household characteristics; access to capital and resources; opportunities offered by the urban economy; and the nature of formal employment

Male reproductive health challenges, fertility desire and coping strategies among young couples

There is a dearth of information on strategies that wives employ in a marital relationship that involves husbands with sexual challenges neither are there popular interventions to enhance enduring conjugal relationships where such problems exist in Nigeria. This study examined the incidence of male sexual diseases, the influence of fertility desire and coping strategies among young couples in Nigeria. The data was extracted from a 2010 survey of 435 couples in the southwest Nigeria. Data were analyzed using univariate and logistic regression techniques. The common male sexual diseases identified include erectile dysfunction (10.5%), gonorrhoea (12.7%), low sperm count (0.1%), testicular cancer (6.3%), prostate (3.2%) and prostate cancer (1.6%). Where the husbands experience erectile dysfunction, prostate or gonorrhoea, the couples are 0.064, 0.898 and 0.583 times (respectively) less likely to enjoy marital satisfaction. The study concludes that marriage counselors, social and health workers need to focus on erectile dysfunction, gonorrhoea and prostate as major determinants of sustainable marital satisfaction. It recommends public awareness on male sexual diseases and establishment of robust specialized reproductive healthcare services to cater for health needs of men who are experiencing sexual problems

Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa

Countries across Africa are rapidly transitioning from rural to urban societies. The UN projects that 60% of people living in Africa will be in urban areas by 2050, with the urban population on the continent tripling over the next 50 years. The challenge of building inclusive and sustainable cities in the context of rapid urbanization is arguably the critical development issue of the 21st Century and creating food secure cities is key to promoting health, prosperity, equity, and ecological sustainability. The expansion of Africa’s urban population is taking place largely in secondary cities: these are broadly defined as cities with fewer than half a million people that are not national political or economic centres. The implications of secondary urbanization have recently been described by the Cities Alliance as “a real knowledge gap”, requiring much additional research not least because it poses new intellectual challenges for academic researchers and governance challenges for policy-makers. International researchers coming from multiple points of view including food studies, urban studies, and sustainability studies, are starting to heed the call for further research into the implications for food security of rapidly growing secondary cities in Africa. This book will combine this research and feature comparable case studies, intersecting trends, and shed light on broad concepts including governance, sustainability, health, economic development, and inclusivity. This is an open access book