การตรวจสอบและควบคุมข้อมูลหน่วยความจำของพีแอลซี แบบเวลาจริง ในเครื่องบังคับขยับข้อแบบต่อเนื่องโดยใช้อินเทอร์เน็ตของสรรพสิ่ง (REAL-TIME MONITORING AND CONTROL OF PLC DATA MEMORY IN CONTINUOUS PASSIVE MOTION MACHINE BASED ON THE INTERNET OF THINGS)

งานวิจัยนี้นำเสนอการพัฒนาอุปกรณ์สำหรับตรวจสอบและควบคุมข้อมูลหน่วยความจำของพีแอลซี แบบเวลาจริง ต้นทุนต่ำ โดยใช้เทคโนโลยีอินเทอร์เน็ตของสรรพสิ่งร่วมกับเทคนิคการสื่อสารกับพีแอลซีผ่านทางพอร์ตโปรแกรมในเครื่องบังคับขยับข้อแบบต่อเนื่อง เพื่อให้สามารถมองเห็นสถานะการทำงานของเครื่องอย่างชัดเจนและควบคุมการทำงานของเครื่องได้จากที่ห่างไกล จากผลการทดลองพบว่า อุปกรณ์ที่พัฒนาขึ้นสามารถแสดงผลและควบคุมสถานะการทำงานของเครื่องบังคับขยับข้อแบบต่อเนื่องได้อย่างถูกต้อง 100 เปอร์เซ็นต์ โดยมีเวลาหน่วงเฉลี่ยในการแสดงผลบนแอปพลิเคชั่นในสมาร์ทโฟนผ่านอินเทอร์เน็ตเท่ากับ 1.43 วินาที สาเหตุของเวลาหน่วงเกิดจากความเร็วและความหนาแน่นในการใช้งานเครือข่ายอินเทอร์เน็ตคำสำคัญ: อินเทอร์เน็ตของสรรพสิ่ง  พีแอลซี  เครื่องบังคับขยับข้อแบบต่อเนื่องThis paper described the development of a low cost device for real-time monitoring and control of PLC data memory using internet of things (IoT) technology with a communication technique with PLC through programming port for continuous passive motion machine (CPM). The developed device allowed to monitor the status of the machine clearly and controlling it from a distance. From the experimental results shown that the developed device can display and control the status of CPM correctly 100%. The average time delay was 1.43 s. in updated status of software application on smartphones over the internet. The time delay was dependent on the speed and traffic density of internet.Keywords: Internet of Things, PLC, Continuous Passive Motion Machin

Stretching adversely modulates locomotor capacity following spinal cord injury via activation of nociceptive afferents.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the second leading cause of paralysis in the United States, affecting around 282,000 people with 17,000 new cases each year. Initial and secondary damage to the spinal cord disrupts multiple descending pathways that modulate the function of sympathetic preganglionic neurons and central pattern generating circuitry. Resulting loss of autonomic and locomotor functions, as well as decreased levels of physical activity, lead to a myriad of complications that affect multiple organ systems and significantly reduce both quality of life and life expectancy in individuals with SCI. Spasticity and muscle contractures are two common secondary conditions that develop in the chronic stages of SCI as a result of neurobiological and soft tissue adaptations. Stretching is the widely accepted initial therapy for the treatment of both spasticity and muscle contractures. Unlike humans, rats with experimental incomplete SCI have robust locomotor recovery and do not develop significant muscle contractures or spasticity. One of the long-standing operating principles in the Magnuson laboratory is that rats retrain or rehabilitate themselves through large amounts of in-cage activity. A previous graduate student in our lab, Krista Caudle, tested this hypothesis using custom designed wheelchairs to immobilize Sprague Dawley rats with mild-moderate SCIs. As expected, the immobilized SCI animals did not recover their locomotor function and, in addition, developed muscle contractures. To mimic the approach used in the clinic for the treatment of contractures, a hindlimb stretching protocol was developed and implemented as part of our daily care routine. As a control, non-immobilized SCI rats also received stretching therapy. Surprisingly, stretched rats and wheelchair immobilized rats showed similar impairments in locomotor recovery. This finding was alarming and warranted further studies. The work presented in this thesis is a continuation of the stretching projects in the Magnuson laboratory. Four major studies were carried out in order to improve our understanding of this stretching phenomenon and to begin uncovering the underlying physiological mechanisms. The following experiments revealed that hindlimb stretching disrupts locomotor function in rats with acute and chronic moderately-severe SCI. We also determined that dynamic “range of motion” stretching resulted in a similar pattern of locomotor impairment as our standard static stretch-and-hold protocol in rats with moderate sub-acute SCIs. Furthermore, using kinematics and electromyography (EMG), we determined that one of the most frequent responses to stretch in the rat hindlimbs is similar to human clonus. The significance of these findings are three-fold. First, to our knowledge, there has not been a specific description of clonus in the rat model of the SCI previously. Second, the similarity of the responses to stretch between rats and humans make a compelling argument for the clinical relevance of the stretching phenomenon. Finally, we determined that stretch-induced locomotor deficits depend on the presence of nociceptive afferents. Speculations about the specific physiological mechanisms of the stretching phenomenon and future directions are discussed. Comprehensive review of the stretching literature revealed a major problem in the rationale that is frequently provided for the use of stretching in the management of muscle contractures after SCI. In light of this work, a perspective on the future of stretching therapy in the rehabilitation after SCI is provided

Post-traumatic Elbow Contracture Characterization and Physical Therapy-based Treatment Strategies in a Preclinical Model

The elbow is the most commonly dislocated joint in the pediatric population and second most common in adults. As one of the most congruous joints in the body, slight changes in biomechanics due to injury can lead to drastic reductions in range of motion causing potential quality of life issues. Post-traumatic joint contracture occurs in 12% of patients following elbow dislocation or fracture, and it is characterized by a loss in ROM, joint stiffness, and pain. Preventing joint contracture and functional deficits from occurring is one of the primary goals when managing these injuries. A rat model of joint contracture following simple elbow dislocation was developed to replicate this debilitating clinical condition. Previous studies quantified the temporal elbow ROM losses in both flexion-extension and pronation-supination and elucidated tissue-specific contributors to motion loss. Additionally, previous work examined periarticular histological changes at different stages of injury/healing. Building upon this foundation, the work presented herein quantified additional clinically relevant outcomes in this validated animal model including joint functional changes and sex-based comparisons. In addition, physical therapy-based treatment strategies were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in preventing or improving outcomes that accompany this debilitating condition. Functional measures of grip strength and gait showed long-term deficits with limited recovery, male and female animals demonstrated similarly debilitating outcomes in joint function, mechanics, and morphology, and the timing of active joint use following injury was determined to have a direct impact on elbow function and mechanics. This work significantly advances our understanding of post-traumatic elbow contracture. Ultimately, the work presented here, as well as future proposed studies, can help inform clinical treatment strategies necessary to prevent elbow PTJC. While a specific traumatic elbow injury is investigated here, principles from this work could extend to different elbow injury patterns as well as other joints susceptible to PTJC