The transfer of technology and the technological gap between developed and less developed countries, 1981

The problem that will be discussed in this study is that the process of transferring technology from developed countries to less developed countries is so inefficient that it tends to widen the existing tachnological gap between them. An attempt is made by the writer to examine the process of transferring technology from developed countries to less developed countries, in order to see whether such transfer will narrow the technological gap between them or not. The result obtained from this study is that technology transfer is a very important condition for the industrial development in less developed countries. However, technology transfer from developed countries to less developed countries has been accompanied by many restrictions and limitations. Such action will never result in an increase of technological capabilities of less developed countries and will keep the technological gap continually wide between them and the developed countries. The main sources of information were the United Nations Documents on Transfer of Technology. Many books, journals and periodicals were also used as references

The transfer of technology from developed countries to less developed countries: a critical analysis of the proposal on the transfer of technology in the current North-South dialogue on a new international economic order, 1980

Problem: The basic problem is the desire of the developing countries to have an access to the modern technology of the developed countries which will speed their economic development and thereby help to bridge the economic gap between the deve loped and less developed countries. Purpose: An attempt is made by the writer to critically examine and assess the proposal on the transfer of technology from developed to less developed countries, in order to see whether such transfer will bring about economic development to the less developed countries. Result: The result obtained from this study is that tech nological progress is a necessary condition for economic deve lopment and its transfer from developed to less developed coun tries must be encouraged. However, the technological infrastruc ture is weak or non-existent in developing countries. Tech nology transfer will bring about a meaningful change if the technological infrastructures in less developed countries are strengthened to absorb the new technology and evolve new ones. Procedure: The main sources of information were the United Nations Documents on Transfer of Technology. Numerous books, journals and periodicals were also used as references

On Energy and Economic Development

The future growth in the global demand for energy will come mainly from the less-developed countries. If the demand is to be satisfied, the transfer of technology from the developed to the less-developed countries is essential

Explaining differences in sub-national patterns of clean technology transfer to China and India

The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has the capacity to incentivize the international transfer of environmentally sound technologies. Given that both countries are expected to have similar incentives when managing the distribution of technology transfer within the country, why do sub-national patterns in the allocation of projects with technology transfer differ? Using comparable political–economic data compiled for China and India, we offer an explanation for these differences. In China, where the government regards the CDM as a tool for achieving sustainable development, technology transfer is concentrated in provinces that need it the most and that are most conducive to receiving transfers (i.e., economically less developed, yet heavily industrialized provinces). In India, where the government takes on a “laissez-faire” approach to the CDM, neither level of economic development nor that of industrialization affects clean technology transfer. In this regard, although the incentives are similar, the capacity to pursue them is not comparable. We test these hypotheses using data on CDM technology transfer across Chinese provinces and Indian states during the 6-year period from 2004 to 2010

Cross-cultural collaboration for inclusive global value chain: a case study of rattan industry

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand how the cross-cultural collaboration between developed market and emerging economies promotes an inclusive global value chain (GVC) through innovation and technology transfer. Drawing on global rattan industry, this paper identifies the three typologies and social mechanism of cross-cultural collaboration in GVC. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses a qualitative method with a case study of rattan industry. The case study analysis covers the linkages between upstream industries in emerging economies and downstream industries in developed countries. Findings-The result shows that innovation and technology transfer play an essential role in the cross-cultural collaboration through presenting the creative value-adding process beyond the simple trade of rattan. This study identifies the social mechanism of cross-cultural collaboration in three GVC typologies of rattan industry. Research limitations/implications-The study was undertaken between 2015 and 2017. The observed value chain in rattan industry context demonstrates the selected business network from Indonesia to the European countries. Practical implications-There were some activities that worked well for decades, such as creative innovation and technology transfer from multinational corporations to small businesses. The initiative to promote brand seemed to work less well for the local designers in developing countries from being part of the GVC. The creative innovation and technology transfer from multinational corporations to rattan farmers continued to struggle. Originality/value- This study draws a distinction between the typologies of GVC, where cross-cultural collaboration has developed slowly and those where it comes about quickly. This extends the discussion about creative value between players in developed and developing countries, including the social mechanism of cross-cultural collaboration in GVC

Technology Transfer as an Issue in North/South Negotiations

For a number of years, negotiations have been taking place on an international scale, usually under the auspices of the United Nations or one of its specialized agencies, on a wide variety of subjects involving technology transfer between the developed countries (the North) and the less developed or developing countries (the South). Three primary groups are involved in the United Nations negotiations. The first is known as the Group of 77, which now includes more than 120 developing countries, including countries in South and Central America, Africa, and Asia. Within this group the degree of development varies from countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, which are quite developed, to the least developed countries, which include very large countries such as Bangladesh and very small countries, a number of which have recently become independent. Group B, the second major group, includes the developed, market-oriented countries, which include those of Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. The third major group, Group D, includes the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist nations. The comparative development of Group D countries sometimes leads them to agree with Group B countries on transfer of technology items. In other cases, they align themselves with the developing countries. These groups are not always defined strictly in accordance with economic terms because political considerations often prevail

Knowledge Base Determinants of Technology Sourcing in the Clean Development Mechanism Projects

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the three greenhouse gas emission reduction and trading instruments of the Kyoto Protocol (KP). The CDM allows governments and business entities from developed countries to offset their emissions liabilities by reducing or avoiding emissions in developing countries, where it is often cheaper to do so. Examples of CDM projects include the installation of various renewable energy producing facilities, cutting the GHG emissions in industry and waste management, or projects focused on improving energy efficiency. From the sustainable development perspectives CDM has been alleged as a new channel of transfer and diffusion of climate friendly technologies (CFT) in developing countries. However we are evidencing that the majority of the CDM projects deploy local sources of technology, which challenges the North- South technology transfer paradigm established under the sustainable development agenda of the KP. This paper is an attempt to explain technology sourcing patterns in CDM projects through employment of knowledge base determinants. On the basis of an empirical analysis we conclude that in countries with a stronger knowledge base in CFT, CDM project implementers tend to go for local and combined technologies and less for foreign technologies.Clean Development Mechanism, CDM, Kyoto Protocol, Technology

The spread of the "Japanese type" production system into Asia: Evolutionary theories and the case of Thai auto and electrical parts industries.

In the past, technology efficiently assisted industrialised countries in their conquest of colonies. However, technology has not helped many less developed countries in their industrialisation. Although some literature contended that technology would inevitably spread to less developed countries, it has spread only partially to most less developed countries. The literature seems to have failed to present a clear picture of how a less developed country can acquire technology. Recently, East Asian economies and their peculiar nature became a focal point in Western literature. A key to understand their development path lies in Akamatsu's "flying-geese" pattern theory, which shows the mechanism of technology diffusion from more developed to less developed countries. Starting from Akamatsu's theory, this thesis argues that East Asian economies today are specifically set within a culture, where labour and management co-operate, and where large industry and small-medium industry cooperate. In this culture, technology spreads from more developed to less developed countries and facilitates faster industrialisation. Also, this thesis argues that technology is dynamic and complex. Learning technology is not an easy matter. Technology diffuses through human contact, and accumulates. Japanese expatriates try to teach technology to local workers, not to hide it as argued by the intelligentsia in ASEAN countries. This thesis measures the levels to which technology has been learnt, examining effective borrowing processes in the context of Thailand's auto parts and electrical parts industries. Thus, this thesis contributes to the study of technology transfer in the Third World countries, which has been affected so far by a narrow understanding of technology

Cross-border intellectual property rights: contract enforcement and absorptive capacity

This paper studies cross-border intellectual property rights (IPR) as a North-South contract using a Nash bargaining approach and distinguishes between the outcome and its actual enforcement. The absorptive capacity of the Southern country to exploit technology transfer plays a key role in the negotiated level of IPRs and its post-treaty enforcement. The optimal level of IPR protection relates positively to absorptive capacity. This provides a rationale for the longer time-frame provided to least developed countries in Article 66 of TRIPS to implement its provisions. In addition, monitoring is only effective in preventing contract violation up to a critical level of absorptive capacity. We relate this to the US Trade Representative “Special 301” report, which flags countries that deny adequate IPR protection as “priority watch list”. While disputes with less developed economies are promptly resolved, emerging economies, where most losses from copyright piracy originates from, continue to remain on the list.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PAYBACK AND EFFECTIVENESS IN DEVELOPPING COUNTRIES

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) needs considerable financial resources. In fact, the ICT environment in developing countries is different from that of the developed countries in many aspects. These differences make the impact of an ICT project failure more harmful than that of a developed country especially at the economic level where financial resources are limited. Organizations in developing countries that attempt ICT transfer often face severe obstacles that hinder their ability to achieve payback from their investment. To understand why this happens requires an investigation into the dynamics between each organization and its environmental context and how that translates into systems that are less than useful. The purpose of this paper is to make the case that ICT payback is difficult to achieve in developing nations unless careful attention is paid to alignment issues in the process of technology transfer, especially issues related to the impact of the environment on alignment. In this paper we present an ICT payback model for developing nations from managers’ perspective and then validate it as useful in two ways: that it can be used to explain mismanagement of ICT in developing nations and in its use for the prevention and correction of problems in ICT projects. The model can be very useful for explaining why technology transfer efforts often fail. We developed the ICT management context payback model after extending the integration of previous research on alignment and payback failure, by adding new factors extracted from case studies in developing countries