7 research outputs found

    L-systems in Geometric Modeling

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    We show that parametric context-sensitive L-systems with affine geometry interpretation provide a succinct description of some of the most fundamental algorithms of geometric modeling of curves. Examples include the Lane-Riesenfeld algorithm for generating B-splines, the de Casteljau algorithm for generating Bezier curves, and their extensions to rational curves. Our results generalize the previously reported geometric-modeling applications of L-systems, which were limited to subdivision curves.Comment: In Proceedings DCFS 2010, arXiv:1008.127

    Mehrfach-limitierte Lindenmayer-Systeme

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    The theory of L systems originated with the biologist and mathematician Aristide Lindenmayer. His original goal was to provide mathematical models for the simultaneous development of cells in filamentous organisms. Since L systems may be viewed as rewriting systems, their generated languages, i.e., sets of organisms encoded by strings, are also subject to formal language theory, which aims to classify formal languages as well as their generating mechanisms according to various properties, such as generative power, decidability, etc. D. WĂ€tjen introduced and studied k-limited L systems in order to combine the purely sequential mode of rewriting and the purely parallel mode of rewriting in context-free grammars, respectively, L systems. In biology, these systems may be interpreted as organisms, for which the simultaneous growth of cells is restricted by the supply of some resources of food being limited by some finite value k. In this thesis the constraint of a common limit k is relaxed in favor of individual resource limits k(a) for every cell-type a, which yields the new notion of multi-limited L system. The language families generated by such systems are then classified according to their sets of limits k(a). At first, an intuitive approach to the different mechanisms of the L system variants is provided by presenting a method for the graphical interpretation of L systems, the so-called turtle interpretation. Suitable computer programs implementing a turtle interpreter as well as free-programmable simulators for multi-limited, k-limited, and uniformly k-limited L systems, are developed and their source-code is appended. Subsequently, language families generated by multi-limited L systems are compared to each other, to WĂ€tjen's k-limited as well as to non-limited language families, and to the families of the Chomsky Hierarchy. Besides asymptotically comparing the generative power of multi-limited L systems to that of the underlying non-limited L systems, also their closure properties are investigated.Der Biologe und Mathematiker Aristide Lindenmayer begrĂŒndete die Theorie der L-Systeme. Das ursprĂŒngliche Ziel dieser Theorie ist die Bereitstellung mathematischer Modelle zur Untersuchung des simultanen Zellwachstums fadenartiger Organismen. Da L-Systeme als eine Art von Ersetzungssystemen definiert sind, sind ihre erzeugten Sprachen, d.h. die Mengen der durch Zeichenketten beschriebenen Organismen, ebenfalls Gegenstand der Theorie der formalen Sprachen. Diese Theorie klassifiziert formale Sprachen sowie ihre Erzeugungsmechanismen gemĂ€ĂŸ ihrer Eigenschaften, wie z.B. ErzeugungsmĂ€chtigkeit oder Entscheidbarkeit. Als ein Sprachen-erzeugender Mechanismus, der zwischen der rein sequentiellen Ersetzung kontextfreier Grammatiken und der rein parallelen Ersetzung von L-Systemen liegt, sind k-limitierte L-Systeme von D. WĂ€tjen eingefĂŒhrt und untersucht worden. In der Biologie können diese Systeme als Organismen interpretiert werden, deren simultanes Zellwachstum beschrĂ€nkt ist durch individuelle NahrungsvorrĂ€te mit einer einheitlichen endlichen KapazitĂ€t k. Die in dieser Arbeit betrachteten mehrfach-limitierten L-Systeme bilden eine Verallgemeinerung der k-limitierten L-Systeme, indem sie fĂŒr jeden Zelltyp a einen individuellen Nahrungsvorrat mit einer spezifischen KapazitĂ€t k(a) anstelle der einheitlichen KapazitĂ€t k vorsehen. Diese Arbeit fĂŒhrt mehrfach-limitierte L-Systeme ein und definiert eine geeignete Kategorisierung der von ihnen erzeugten Sprachfamilien anhand der erlaubten Mengen von Limits k(a). ZunĂ€chst wird ein intuitiver Zugang zu den verschiedenen Mechanismen der L-System-Varianten ermöglicht, indem eine Methode zur grafischen Interpretation von L-Systemen, die sogenannte Turtle-Interpretation, vorgestellt wird. Hierzu werden geeignete Computer-Programme fĂŒr einen Turtle-Interpreter sowie fĂŒr frei programmierbare Simulatoren von mehrfach-limitierten, k-limitierten sowie uniform k-limitierten L-Systemen erstellt und ihr Quell-Code zur VerfĂŒgung gestellt. Die von mehrfach-limitierten L-Systemen erzeugten Sprachfamilien werden bzgl. ihrer Inklusionseigenschaften untereinander, mit WĂ€tjens k-limitierten Sprachfamilien, mit den nicht-limitierten Sprachfamilien sowie mit der Chomsky Hierarchie verglichen. Die ErzeugungsmĂ€chtigkeit von mehrfach-limitierten L-Systemen wird asymptotisch verglichen mit den jeweils unterliegenden nicht-limitierten L-Systemen. Des weiteren werden die Abschlusseigenschaften der mehrfach-limitierten L-Systeme untersucht

    Membership for limited ET0L languages is not decidable

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    In this paper, we show how to encode arbitrary enumerable set of numbers given by register machines within limited EPT0L systems and programmed grammars with unconditional transfer.This result has various consequences, e.g.the existence of nonrecursive sets generable by 1lET0L systems or by programmed grammars with unconditional transfer. Moreover, ordered grammars are strictly less powerful than 1lET0L systems

    The biological and mathematical basis of L systems

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    Accepting grammars and systems

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    We investigate several kinds of regulated rewriting (programmed, matrix, with regular control, ordered, and variants thereof) and of parallel rewriting mechanisms (Lindenmayer systems, uniformly limited Lindenmayer systems, limited Lindenmayer systems and scattered context grammars) as accepting devices, in contrast with the usual generating mode. In some cases, accepting mode turns out to be just as powerful as generating mode, e.g. within the grammars of the Chomsky hierarchy, within random context, regular control, L systems, uniformly limited L systems, scattered context. Most of these equivalences can be proved using a metatheorem on so-called context condition grammars. In case of matrix grammars and programmed grammars without appearance checking, a straightforward construction leads to the desired equivalence result. Interestingly, accepting devices are (strictly) more powerful than their generating counterparts in case of ordered grammars, programmed and matrix grammars with appearance checking (even programmed grammarsm with unconditional transfer), and 1lET0L systems. More precisely, if we admit erasing productions, we arrive at new characterizations of the recursivley enumerable languages, and if we do not admit them, we get new characterizations of the context-sensitive languages. Moreover, we supplement the published literature showing: - The emptiness and membership problems are recursivley solvable for generating ordered grammars, even if we admit erasing productions. - Uniformly limited propagating systems can be simulated by programmed grammars without erasing and without appearance checking, hence the emptiness and membership problems are recursively solvable for such systems. - We briefly discuss the degree of nondeterminism and the degree of synchronization for devices with limited parallelism

    Complex event types for agent-based simulation

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    This thesis presents a novel formal modelling language, complex event types (CETs), to describe behaviours in agent-based simulations. CETs are able to describe behaviours at any computationally represented level of abstraction. Behaviours can be specified both in terms of the state transition rules of the agent-based model that generate them and in terms of the state transition structures themselves. Based on CETs, novel computational statistical methods are introduced which allow statistical dependencies between behaviours at different levels to be established. Different dependencies formalise different probabilistic causal relations and Complex Systems constructs such as ‘emergence’ and ‘autopoiesis’. Explicit links are also made between the different types of CET inter-dependency and the theoretical assumptions they represent. With the novel computational statistical methods, three categories of model can be validated and discovered: (i) inter-level models, which define probabilistic dependencies between behaviours at different levels; (ii) multi-level models, which define the set of simulations for which an inter-level model holds; (iii) inferred predictive models, which define latent relationships between behaviours at different levels. The CET modelling language and computational statistical methods are then applied to a novel agent-based model of Colonic Cancer to demonstrate their applicability to Complex Systems sciences such as Systems Biology. This proof of principle model provides a framework for further development of a detailed integrative model of the system, which can progressively incorporate biological data from different levels and scales as these become available

    Entwurf und Implementation einer auf Graph-Grammatiken beruhenden Sprache zur Funktions-Struktur-Modellierung von Pflanzen

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    Increasing biological knowledge requires more and more elaborate methods to translate the knowledge into executable model descriptions, and increasing computational power allows to actually execute these descriptions. Such a simulation helps to validate, extend and question the knowledge. For plant modelling, the well-established formal description language of Lindenmayer systems reaches its limits as a method to concisely represent current knowledge and to conveniently assist in current research. On one hand, it is well-suited to represent structural and geometric aspects of plant models - of which units is a plant composed, how are these connected, what is their location in 3D space -, but on the other hand, its usage to describe functional aspects - what internal processes take place in the plant structure, how does this interact with the structure - is not as convenient as desirable. This can be traced back to the underlying representation of structure as a linear chain of units, while the intrinsic nature of the structure is a tree or even a graph. Therefore, we propose to use graphs and graph grammars as a basis for plant modelling which combines structural and functional aspects. In the first part of this thesis, we develop the necessary theoretical framework. Starting with a presentation of the state of the art concerning Lindenmayer systems and graph grammars, we develop the formalism of relational growth grammars as a variant of graph grammars. We show that this formalism has a natural embedding of Lindenmayer systems which keeps all relevant properties, but represents branched structures directly as axial trees and not as linear chains with indirect encoding of branches. In the second part, we develop the main practical result, the XL programming language as an extension of the Java programming language by very general rule-based features. Short examples illustrate the application of the new language features. We describe the built-in pattern matching algorithm of the implemented run-time system for the XL programming language, and we sketch a possible implementation of an XL compiler. The third part is an application of relational growth grammars and the XL programming language. We show how the general XL interfaces can be customized for relational growth grammars. On top of this customization, several examples from a variety of disciplines demonstrate the usefulness of the developed formalism and language to describe plant growth, especially functional-structural plant models, but also artificial life, architecture or interactive games. Some examples operate on custom graphs like XML DOM trees or scene graphs of commercial 3D modellers, while the majority uses the 3D modelling platform GroIMP, a software developed in conjunction with this thesis. The appendix gives an overview of the GroIMP software. The practical usage of its plug-in for relational growth grammars is also illustrated.Das zunehmende Wissen ĂŒber biologische Prozesse verlangt nach geeigneten Methoden, es in ausfĂŒhrbare Modelle zu ĂŒbersetzen, und die zunehmende Rechenleistung der Computer ermöglicht es, diese Modelle auch tatsĂ€chlich auszufĂŒhren. Solche Simulationen dienen zur Validierung, Erweiterung und Hinterfragung des Wissens. Speziell fĂŒr die Pflanzenmodellierung wurden Lindenmayer-Systeme mit Erfolg eingesetzt, jedoch stoßen diese bei aktuellen Modellierungsproblemen und Forschungsvorhaben an ihre Grenzen. Zwar sind sie gut geeignet, Pflanzenstruktur und Geometrie abzubilden - aus welchen Einheiten setzt sich eine Pflanze zusammen, wie sind diese verbunden, wie ist ihre rĂ€umliche Lage -, aber die lineare Datenstruktur erschwert die Integration von Funktionsmodellen, welche Prozesse innerhalb der verzweigten Struktur und des beanspruchten Raumes beschreiben. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagen, anstelle der linearen Stuktur Graphen und Graph-Grammatiken als Grundlage fĂŒr die kombinierte Funktions-Struktur-Modellierung von Pflanzen zu verwenden. Im ersten Teil der Dissertation wird der theoretische Unterbau entwickelt. Nach einer Vorstellung des aktuellen Wissensstandes auf dem Gebiet der Lindenmayer-Systeme und Graph-Grammatiken werden relationale Wachstumsgrammatiken eingefĂŒhrt, die auf bekannten Mechanismen fĂŒr parallele Graph-Grammatiken aufbauen und Lindenmayer-Systeme als Spezialfall enthalten, dabei jedoch verzweigte Strukturen direkt als axiale BĂ€ume darstellen. Zur praktischen Anwendung wird im zweiten Teil die Programmiersprache XL entwickelt, die Java um allgemein gehaltene Sprachkonstrukte fĂŒr Graph-Grammatiken erweitert. Kurze Beispiele zeigen die Anwendung der neuen Sprachmerkmale. Der Algorithmus zur Mustersuche wird erlĂ€utert, und die Implementation des XL-Compilers wird vorgestellt. Im dritten Teil werden mögliche Anwendungen relationaler Wachstumsgrammatiken aufgezeigt. Dazu werden zunĂ€chst die allgemeinen XL-Schnittstellen fĂŒr relationale Wachstumsgrammatiken konkretisiert, um dieses System dann fĂŒr Modelle aus verschiedenen Bereichen zu nutzen, darunter Funktions-Struktur-Modelle von Pflanzen, KĂŒnstliches Leben, Architektur und interaktive Spiele. Einige Beispiele nutzen spezifische Graphen wie XML-DOM-BĂ€ume oder Szenengraphen kommerzieller 3D-Modellierprogramme, aber der ĂŒberwiegende Teil baut auf der 3D-Plattform GroIMP auf, die zusammen mit dieser Dissertation entwickelt wurde. Im Anhang wird die Software GroIMP kurz vorgestellt und ihre praktische Anwendung fĂŒr relationale Wachstumsgrammatiken erlĂ€utert
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