Cyber risk at the edge: Current and future trends on cyber risk analytics and artificial intelligence in the industrial internet of things and industry 4.0 supply chains

Digital technologies have changed the way supply chain operations are structured. In this article, we conduct systematic syntheses of literature on the impact of new technologies on supply chains and the related cyber risks. A taxonomic/cladistic approach is used for the evaluations of progress in the area of supply chain integration in the Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0, with a specific focus on the mitigation of cyber risks. An analytical framework is presented, based on a critical assessment with respect to issues related to new types of cyber risk and the integration of supply chains with new technologies. This paper identifies a dynamic and self-adapting supply chain system supported with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) and real-time intelligence for predictive cyber risk analytics. The system is integrated into a cognition engine that enables predictive cyber risk analytics with real-time intelligence from IoT networks at the edge. This enhances capacities and assist in the creation of a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and threats that arise when edge computing nodes are deployed, and when AI/ML technologies are migrated to the periphery of IoT networks

A systems thinking approach for modelling supply chain risk propagation

Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) is rapidly becoming a most sought after research area due to the influence of recent supply chain disruptions on global economy. The thesis begins with a systematic literature review of the developments within the broad domain of SCRM over the past decade. Thematic and descriptive analysis supported with modern knowledge management techniques brings forward seven distinctive research gaps for future research in SCRM. Overlapping research findings from an industry perspective, coupled with SCRM research gaps from the systematic literature review has helped to define the research problem for this study. The thesis focuses on a holistic and systematic approach to modelling risks within supply chain and logistics networks. The systems thinking approach followed conceptualises the phenomenon of risk propagation utilising several recent case studies, workshop findings and focus studies. Risk propagation is multidimensional and propagates beyond goods, finance and information resource. It cascades into technology, human resource and socio-ecological dimensions. Three risk propagation zones are identified that build the fundamentals for modelling risk behaviour in terms of cost and delay. The development of a structured framework for SCRM, a holistic supply chain risk model and a quantitative research design for risk assessment are the major contributions of this research. The developed risk assessment platform has the ability to capture the fracture points and cascading impact within a supply chain and logistics network. A reputed aerospace and defence organisation in UK was used to test the experimental modelling set up for its viability and for bridging the gap between theory and practice. The combined statistical and simulation modelling approach provides a new perspective to assessing the complex behavioural performance of risks during multiple interactions within network

Supply Chain Risk Management Frameworks and Models: A Review

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) is a relatively new scientific discipline aiming to support management in its everyday struggle against the inherent uncertainty of supply chain operations propagated mostly by demand and supply fluctuations, in terms of yields, capacity, costs and lead times. This paper focuses on a literature review of available SCRM frameworks and models. Using an appropriate combination of keywords, three established academic databases and a hard inclusion criterion, a final sample of 16 (starting from 922) relevant and above all, empirically validated SCRM frameworks/models papers are retrieved and studied in full. Following a systematic literature review approach and supported by a content analysis tool, the authors produce some useful results on the current research status and identify some of its shortcomings, which have to be addressed by researchers in the future, i.e. the immaturity of research in the field, the absence of a holistic approach for SCRM and finally the lack of a systematic approach to successfully identify risk propagation across contemporary and complex supply chain networks

What are the strategies to manage megaproject supply chains? A systematic literature review and research agenda

This systematic literature review explores strategies to manage complex supply chains in megaprojects, connecting project management and operations management literatures. A total of 2,106 titles and abstracts were analyzed and 94 papers were fully reviewed, identifying six categories of strategies: inter-firm collaboration and coordination, governance, procurement, projects as networks, production and logistics, and risk management. We present the multi-level Megaproject Supply Chain (MSC) framework, unpacking the complex inter-organizational structure of megaprojects in five levels and units of analysis to guide future research. The MSC framework identifies the micro, meso and macro levels of megaprojects and introduces two additional hybrid levels to identify inter-organizational relationships: the meso‑micro and meso‑macro. We suggest four avenues to advance supply chain management in megaprojects through multi-level explorations: (i) Supply Chain Structure: Permanent vs Temporary, (ii) Strategic Procurement and Commercial, (iii) Supply Chain Design: Standardization vs Customization, (iv) Supply Chain Governance: Collaboration and Coordination

Supply Network Risk Mitigation-Industry 4.0 Approach

With the evolution of Industry 4.0, the most advanced technologies have been invented and due to rapid globalisation, supply chains (SC) have become vulnerable to various risks. Risk management performs a key role in operating SC effectively in variety of uncertain circumstances. This paper aims to reveal the adaptability of digital technologies in supply chain networks, identify and analyse the various emerging supply chain risks in the industry 4.0 environment, and develop a framework to mitigate the risk level. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyse the emerging supply chain risks, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to develop a conceptual risk mitigation framework. The contribution of this study lies in the taxonomy study, and findings revealed that digitalisation of supply chain design for risk mitigation shed light on future research. Additionally, it focuses on the potential to enhance supply networks' efficiency and responsiveness

Biorenewable value chain optimisation with multi-layered value chains and advanced analytics

A crucial element of the quest of curbing carbon dioxide emissions is deemed to rely on a biobased economy, which will rely on the development of economically and environmentally sustainable biorefining systems enabling a full exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass (and its macrocomponents such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the co-production of biofuels and bioderived platform chemicals. The thesis aims to develop comprehensive modelling frameworks to provide, through optimisation techniques, holistic decision-making regarding the strategic design and systematic planning of advanced biorefining supply chain networks. Therefore, the modelling of the entire value chain behaviour, involving both upstream and downstream aspects within a temporal and geographical context, is of great importance in this study. A deterministic, spatially explicit, multi-echelon and multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Programming prototype modelling framework is developed for the identification of profitably optimal strategic and operating decisions regarding a full supply chain system, integrated with a technology superstructure of multiple biomass feedstocks, bioproducts and processing portfolios. The potential dimensionality reduction of the resulting large-scale optimisation problem is explored by utilising a bilevel decomposition algorithm. The financial sustainability of such biobased supply chains is further analysed through two-stage stochastic optimisation and risk management models, incorporating biomass cultivation yield uncertainties and expected downside risk, respectively. Finally, greenhouse gas emission factors are added to the prototype modelling approach through a multi-objective optimisation scheme to steer decision-making on biorefining supply chain systems under both economic and environmental criteria, comparing two different solution procedures. The developed models are applied to a Hungarian case study of lignocellulosic biorefining production systems. An additional case study in a Southeastern Romanian region and Marseille, regarding a first-generation biorefining supply chain for the production of castor oil, is undertaken to further examine the compatibility and efficiency of the generic deterministic model.Open Acces

Key Factors Influence the Reconfiguration of Supply Chain Design: A Review Paper

With the evolution of Industry 4.0, the most advanced technologies have been invented and due to rapid globalisation, supply chains (SC) have become vulnerable to various risks and reconfiguration of supply chain design has gained a significant consideration in recent years. This paper intends to provide a critical literature review on the current research practices and identify the key factors influencing the reconfiguration of supply chain design in the digital environment and prioritise the factors considering relative importance and develop a framework to mitigate the risk level. A systematic literature review is conducted to identify and analyse the key factors that influence the reconfiguration of supply chain design, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method used to develop a conceptual framework. The findings of this study revealed that reconfiguration of supply chain design in digital environment sheds light on future research and focuses on the potential to enhance supply networks’ efficiency and responsiveness

World Class Supply Chain 2019: Next Generation Ideas

Next Generation Ideas, being the theme for the Fourth Annual World Class Supply Chain Summit, reflected summit’s focus on understanding what is becoming and what will continue to be of increasingly of high priority for current and future supply chain professionals. The summit, which was held on May 8th, 2019 in Milton, Ontario, brought together invited executives, scholars, and students to present and carefully examine a range of emerging ideas that are worthy of the supply chain community’s interest. The diversity of such ideas (e.g., new technologies, geopolitical developments, and the role of supply chain analytics) necessitated a diverse range of perspectives for structuring the summit deliberations. This was done through a summit program comprising three presentations to feature the following perspectives: Perspectives of a vastly experienced industry executive perspective who has amassed an extensive body of material on ecological considerations in supply chains Perspectives of an economist with evidence-based understanding of how decisions by national governments impact firms with both domestic and transnational supply chains Perspectives of a supply chain scholar whose research projects are strongly motivated by how companies have had (and will have) to rethink their distribution networks From the formal presentations and the question and answer component for each presentation, the essence of the insights could be summarized by this notion: While firms must still exemplify traditional supply chain fundamentals (trusted partners, robust IT infrastructure, etc.), they face the additional and an increasingly pressing imperative of needing the agility to be responsive to changes, especially from customers and competitors. Arguably, this is not an original statement because one can make a convincing case that dynamic change has always been a feature of the business landscape. Rather than originality, the statement is meant to underscore that, at this time in the development of the supply chain field, practitioners seem to be experiencing a very distinct level of bewilderment about the array of changes to be contemplated. The summit not only brought that bewilderment to the fore, it also: facilitated discussion of the opportunities resulting from the changes presented real-world examples of innovative and entrepreneurial responses to the changes addressed the interests and concerns of students - the next generation of supply chain professionals This white paper reports on (1) the substantive specifics of those elements of the summit and (2) issues requiring further study in order to be understood more clearly

Disrupting Illicit Supply Networks: New Applications of Operations Research and Data Analytics to End Modern Slavery

Report from a 2017 National Science Foundation workshop on promising research directions for applications of operations research and data analytics toward the disruption of illicit supply networks like human trafficking. The workshop was funded by the NSF’s Operations Engineering (ENG) and the Law & Social Sciences Program (SBE) under grant # CMMI-1726895. The report addresses the opportunity to apply advances from the fields of operations research, management science, analytics, machine learning, and data science toward the development of disruptive interventions against illicit networks. Such an extension of the current research agenda for trafficking would move understanding of such dynamic systems from descriptive characterization and predictive estimation toward improved dynamic operational control.Bureau of Business Researc

Network industries in the new economy

In this paper we discuss two propositions: the supply and demand of knowledge, and network externalities. We outline the characteristics that distinguish knowledge- intensive industries from the general run of manufacturing and service businesses. Knowledge intensity and knowledge specialisation has developed as markets and globalisation have grown, leading to progressive incentives to outsource and for industries to deconstruct. The outcome has been more intensive competition. The paper looks at what is potentially the most powerful economic mechanism: positive feedback, alternatively known as demand-side increasing returns, network effects, or network externalities. We present alternative demand curves that incorporate positive feedback and discuss their potential economic and strategic consequences. We argue that knowledge supply and demand, and the dynamics of network externalities create new situations for our traditional industrial economy such that new types of economies of scale are emerging and "winner takes all" strategies are having more influence. This is the first of a pair of papers. A second paper will take the argument further and look at the nature of firms' strategies in the new world, arguing that technology standards, technical platforms, consumer networks, and supply chain strategies are making a significant contribution to relevant strategies within the new economy