GREEN COMPUTING FOR IOT – SOFTWARE APPROACH

More efficient usage of limited energy resources on embedded platforms, found in various IoT applications, is identified as a universal challenge in designing such devices and systems. Although many power management techniques for control and optimization of device power consumption have been introduced at the hardware and software level, only few of them are addressing device operation at the application level. In this paper, a software engineering approach for managing the operation of IoT edge devices is presented. This approach involves a set of the application-level software parameters that affect consumption of the IoT device and its real-time behavior. To investigate and illustrate the impact of the introduced parameters on the device performance and its energy footprint, we utilize a custom-built simulation environment. The simulation results obtained from analyzing simplified data producer-consumer configuration of IoT edge tier, under push-based communication model, confirm that careful tuning of the identified set of parameters can lead to more energy efficient IoT end-device operation

Optimization Algorithms of Smart City Wireless Sensor Network Control

The technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) and the main problems that accompany this technology are considered. Based on the analysis, the requirements for solving problems to optimize the work of WSN were formed. A simulation model of WSN was built, with the help of which we were able to investigate and reproduce a wireless sensor network and conduct research on the feasibility of the proposed algorithms. According to the theoretical assessment, it was determined that these algorithms will increase the lifetime of the network several times, depending on the parameters and topology of the network. A role distribution algorithm has been developed to equate network operation time to end device operation time. To increase the speed of delivery of messages from the device to the coordinator, an algorithm for allocating superframe slots is given. According to the results of experimental studies, it was found that the average delivery time of messages can be reduced up to 4 times, also, depending on the network topology and its parameters.Розглянуто технологію бездротових сенсорних мереж (WSN) та основні проблеми, які супроводжують цю технологію. На основі проведеного аналізу сформовано вимоги до вирішення задач оптимізації роботи ВСН. Була побудована імітаційна модель WSN, за допомогою якої ми змогли дослідити та відтворити бездротову сенсорну мережу та провести дослідження здійсненності запропонованих алгоритмів. Відповідно до теоретичної оцінки було визначено, що ці алгоритми збільшать час життя мережі в кілька разів, залежно від параметрів і топології мережі. Був розроблений алгоритм розподілу ролей, щоб прирівняти час роботи мережі до часу роботи кінцевого пристрою. Для збільшення швидкості доставки повідомлень від пристрою до координатора наведено алгоритм виділення слотів суперфрейму. За результатами експериментальних досліджень було встановлено, що середній час доставки повідомлень можна скоротити до 4 разів, також залежно від топології мережі та її параметрів.Рассмотрена технология беспроводных сенсорных сетей (БСС) и основные проблемы, которые сопровождают эту технологию. На основе анализа сформированы требования к решению задач по оптимизации работы БСС. Была построена имитационная модель БСС, с помощью которой мы смогли исследовать и воспроизвести беспроводную сенсорную сеть и провести исследование реализуемости предложенных алгоритмов. По теоретической оценке было определено, что данные алгоритмы увеличат время жизни сети в несколько раз в зависимости от параметров и топологии сети. Разработан алгоритм распределения ролей, приравнивающий время работы сети ко времени работы конечного устройства. Для увеличения скорости доставки сообщений от устройства к координатору приведен алгоритм выделения слотов суперкадра. По результатам экспериментальных исследований установлено, что среднее время доставки сообщений может быть снижено до 4 раз, в том числе в зависимости от топологии сети и ее параметров

Enhancing Security and Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network Routing with IOT Challenges: A Thorough Review

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a crucial component in the field of networking due to their cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and compact size, making them invaluable for various applications. However, as the reliance on WSN-dependent applications continues to grow, these networks grapple with inherent limitations such as memory and computational constraints. Therefore, effective solutions require immediate attention, especially in the age of the Internet of Things (IoT), which largely relies on the effectiveness of WSNs. This study undertakes a comprehensive review of research conducted between 2018 and 2020, categorizing it into six main domains: 1) Providing an overview of WSN applications, management, and security considerations. 2) Focusing on routing and energy-saving techniques. 3) Reviewing the development of methods for information gathering, emphasizing data integrity and privacy. 4) Emphasizing connectivity and positioning techniques. 5) Examining studies that explore the integration of IoT technology into WSNs with an eye on secure data transmission. 6) Highlighting research efforts aimed at energy efficiency. The study addresses the motivation behind employing WSN applications in IoT technologies, as well as the challenges, obstructions, and solutions related to their application and development. It underscores that energy consumption remains a paramount issue in WSNs, with untapped potential for improving energy efficiency while ensuring robust security. Furthermore, it identifies existing approaches' weaknesses, rendering them inadequate for achieving energy-efficient routing in secure WSNs. This review sheds light on the critical challenges and opportunities in the field, contributing to a deeper understanding of WSNs and their role in secure IoT applications

Techniques for Frequency Synthesizer-Based Transmitters.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are poised to be the largest market for the semiconductor industry. At the heart of a wireless IoT module is the radio and integral to any radio is the transmitter. Transmitters with low power consumption and small area are crucial to the ubiquity of IoT devices. The fairly simple modulation schemes used in IoT systems makes frequency synthesizer-based (also known as PLL-based) transmitters an ideal candidate for these devices. Because of the reduced number of analog blocks and the simple architecture, PLL-based transmitters lend themselves nicely to the highly integrated, low voltage nanometer digital CMOS processes of today. This thesis outlines techniques that not only reduce the power consumption and area, but also significantly improve the performance of PLL-based transmitters.PhDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113385/1/mammad_1.pd

Performance assessment of mobility solutions for IPv6-based healthcare wireless sensor networks

This thesis focuses on the study of mobile wireless sensor networks applied to healthcare scenarios. The promotion of better quality-of-life for hospitalized patients is addressed in this research work with a solution that can help these patients to keep their mobility (if possible). The solution proposed allows remote monitoring and control of patients’ health in real-time and without interruptions. Small sensor nodes able to collect and send wirelessly the health parameters allow for the control of the patients' health condition. A network infrastructure, composed by several access points, allows the connection of the sensor nodes (carried by the patients) to remote healthcare providers. To ensure continuous access to sensor nodes special attention should be dedicated to manage the transition of these sensor nodes between different access points’ coverage areas. The process of changing an access point attachment of a sensor node is called handover. In that context, this thesis proposes a new handover mechanism that can ensure continuous connection to mobile sensor nodes in a healthcare wireless sensor network. Due to the limitations of sensor nodes’ resources, namely available energy (these sensor nodes are typically powered by small batteries), the proposed mechanism pays a special attention in the optimization of energy consumption. To achieve this optimization, part of this work is dedicated to the construction of a small sensor node. The handover mechanism proposed in this work is called Hand4MAC (handover mechanism for MAC layer). This mechanism is compared with other mechanisms commonly used in handover management. The Hand4MAC mechanism is deployed and validated through by simulation and in a real testbed. The scenarios used for the validation reproduces a hospital ward. The performance evaluation is focused in the percentage of time that senor nodes are accessible to the network while traveling across several access points’ coverage areas and the energy expenditures in handover processes. The experiments performed take into account various parameters that are the following: number of sent messages, number of received messages, multicast message usage, energy consumption, number of sensor nodes present in the scenario, velocity of sensor nodes, and time-to-live value. In both simulation and real testbed, the Hand4MAC mechanism is shown to perform better than all the other handover mechanisms tested. In this comparison it was only considered the most promising handover mechanisms proposed in the literature.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Power saving and energy optimization techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks have become increasingly popular due to their wide range of applications. Energy consumption is one of the biggest constraints of the wireless sensor node and this limitation combined with a typical deployment of large number of nodes have added many challenges to the design and management of wireless sensor networks. They are typically used for remote environment monitoring in areas where providing electrical power is difficult. Therefore, the devices need to be powered by batteries and alternative energy sources. Because battery energy is limited, the use of different techniques for energy saving is one of the hottest topics in WSNs. In this work, we present a survey of power saving and energy optimization techniques for wireless sensor networks, which enhances the ones in existence and introduces the reader to the most well known available methods that can be used to save energy. They are analyzed from several points of view: Device hardware, transmission, MAC and routing protocols.Sendra Compte, S.; Lloret, J.; García Pineda, M.; Toledo Alarcón, JF. (2011). Power saving and energy optimization techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Communications. 6(6):439-459. doi:10.4304/jcm.6.6.439-459S4394596