755 research outputs found

    К вопросу синтСза Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… разрядов с ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ вСсовых коэффициСнтов, ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ряд чисСл

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    Π˜Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π² области синтСза Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Ρ€Π°. Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ ΠΊ классу ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ структуры Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ построСния Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΅Π³ΠΎ структуру, сократив количСство ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… элСмСнтов. Выводится Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Π° подсчСта ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ количСства Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ…Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… логичСских элСмСнтов, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… для тСхничСской Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ синтСза Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² являСтся ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ использован для построСния Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π»ΡŽΠ±Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм

    Optimization of FPGA Based Neural Network Processor

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    Neural information processing is an emerging new field, providing an alternative form of computation for demanding tasks such as pattern recognition problems which are usually reserved for human attention. Neural network computation i s sought after where classification of input data is difficult to be worked out using equations or sets of rules. Technological advances in integrated circuits such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) systems have made it easier to develop and implement hardware devices based on these neural network architectures. The motivation in hardware implementation of neural networks is its fast processing speed and suitability in parallel and pipelined processing. The project revolves around the design of an optimized neural network processor. The processor design is based on the feedforward network architecture type with BackPropagation trained weights for the Exclusive-OR non-linear problem. Among the highlights of the project is the improvement in neural network architecture through reconfigurable and recursive computation of a single hidden layer for multiple layer applications. Improvements in processor organization were also made which enables the design to parallel process with similar processors. Other improvements include design considerations to reduce the amount of logic required for implementation without much sacrifice of processing speed

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ опрСдСлСния Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ зависимости Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм ΠΎΡ‚ проявлСния ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок

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    Structural dependences of the working outputs of logical combinational circuits were studied with the aim of subsequent identification of the type of possible errors. The types of manifested errors and the classification of the working outputs of logical combinational circuits are given. It is shown that the presence of an internal structural connection of discrete devices leads to an increase in the multiplicity of possible errors. The condition for determining the functional dependence of outputs on the manifestation of errors of the studied multiplicity is given. It is noted that out of the many types of errors, unidirectional errors can appear at the outputs of the circuits. A well-known method for determining unidirectionally dependent operating outputs of discrete device circuits is presented, which has a drawback. It is only necessary to pairwise compare each output with the rest of the whole set. For the convenience of the process of searching for such outputs, the author of the article proposed a new method for identifying unidirectionally dependent working outputs. This method differs from known methods in that it is applicable for any number of outputs, which requires much less time to search for the above outputs. It is shown that logical combinational circuits can have functional features, in which only unidirectional errors can appear at the working outputs. Therefore, a new method for identifying any number of unidirectionally independent operating outputs of combinational circuits has been proposed. It is shown that the methods proposed in the article for finding unidirectionally dependent and unidirectionally independent outputs of logical combinational circuits require simple mathematical calculations. In the Multisim, internal faults of the diagnosable circuits are simulated and all possible errors at the working outputs are fixed. According to the results of the experiments, the validity of the theoretical results obtained was also confirmed.Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ исслСдованы структурныС зависимости Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ошибок ΠΈ классификация Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ структурной связи дискрСтных устройств ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ кратности Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡΡ условиС опрСдСлСния Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ зависимости Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ проявлСния ошибок исслСдуСмой кратности. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· мноТСства Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ошибок, Π½Π° Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… схСм ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ (ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅) ошибки. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ извСстный ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ опрСдСлСния ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ зависимых Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² дискрСтных устройств ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ Π΅Π³ΠΎ нСдостаток, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² нСобходимости Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сравнСния ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° с ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мноТСства. Для удобства процСсса поиска ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ зависимых Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ извСстных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ для любого числа Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ мСньшСго Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ для поиска Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ логичСскиС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ схСмы ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ особСнностями, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ошибки. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ любого числа ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ нСзависимых Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ поиска ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ зависимых ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ нСзависимых Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ выполнСния нСслоТных матСматичСских вычислСний. Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ срСдС Multisim смодСлированы Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСисправности диагностируСмых схСм ΠΈ зафиксированы всС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ошибки Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. По Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ экспСримСнтов Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… тСорСтичСских Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²

    ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ опрСдСлСния Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ зависимости Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм ΠΎΡ‚ проявлСния ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок

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    Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ исслСдованы структурныС зависимости Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ошибок ΠΈ классификация Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ структурной связи дискрСтных устройств ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ кратности Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ошибок. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡΡ условиС опрСдСлСния Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ зависимости Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ‚ проявлСния ошибок исслСдуСмой кратности. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· мноТСства Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ошибок, Π½Π° Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… схСм ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ (ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅) ошибки. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ извСстный ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ опрСдСлСния ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ зависимых Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² дискрСтных устройств ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ Π΅Π³ΠΎ нСдостаток, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² нСобходимости Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сравнСния ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° с ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мноТСства. Для удобства процСсса поиска ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ зависимых Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΡ‚ извСстных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌ для любого числа Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ мСньшСго Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ для поиска Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ логичСскиС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ схСмы ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ особСнностями, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ошибки. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ любого числа ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ нСзависимых Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ поиска ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ зависимых ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ нСзависимых Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² логичСских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… схСм Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ выполнСния нСслоТных матСматичСских вычислСний. Π’ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ срСдС Multisim смодСлированы Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ нСисправности диагностируСмых схСм ΠΈ зафиксированы всС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ошибки Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ… Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. По Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ экспСримСнтов Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… тСорСтичСских Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²

    Reliability-energy-performance optimisation in combinational circuits in presence of soft errors

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    PhD ThesisThe reliability metric has a direct relationship to the amount of value produced by a circuit, similar to the performance metric. With advances in CMOS technology, digital circuits become increasingly more susceptible to soft errors. Therefore, it is imperative to be able to assess and improve the level of reliability of these circuits. A framework for evaluating and improving the reliability of combinational circuits is proposed, and an interplay between the metrics of reliability, energy and performance is explored. Reliability evaluation is divided into two levels of characterisation: stochastic fault model (SFM) of the component library and a design-specific critical vector model (CVM). The SFM captures the properties of components with regard to the interference which causes error. The CVM is derived from a limited number of simulation runs on the specific design at the design time and producing the reliability metric. The idea is to move the high-complexity problem of the stochastic characterisation of components to the generic part of the design process, and to do it just once for a large number of specific designs. The method is demonstrated on a range of circuits with various structures. A three-way trade-off between reliability, energy, and performance has been discovered; this trade-off facilitates optimisations of circuits and their operating conditions. A technique for improving the reliability of a circuit is proposed, based on adding a slow stage at the primary output. Slow stages have the ability to absorb narrow glitches from prior stages, thus reducing the error probability. Such stages, or filters, suppress most of the glitches generated in prior stages and prevent them from arriving at the primary output of the circuit. Two filter solutions have been developed and analysed. The results show a dramatic improvement in reliability at the expense of minor performance and energy penalties. To alleviate the problem of the time-consuming analogue simulations involved in the proposed method, a simplification technique is proposed. This technique exploits the equivalence between the properties of the gates within a path and the equivalence between paths. On the basis of these equivalences, it is possible to reduce the number of simulation runs. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is evaluated by applying it to different circuits with a representative variety of path topologies. The results show a significant decrease in the time taken to estimate reliability at the expense of a minor decrease in the accuracy of estimation. The simplification technique enables the use of the proposed method in applications with complex circuits.Ministry of Education and Scientific Research in Liby

    Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π· самопровСряСмых ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… устройств Π½Π° основС ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с эффСктивным ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ симмСтричных ошибок

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    The methods of fault-tolerant coding are often used in the designing of reliable and safety components of automatic control systems: both in the data transmission between system nodes, and at the level of hardware and software architecture. The redundant coding is widely used in the management of combinational logic devices control. In this case, codes, which are oriented to the error detection rather than correction of this, are in use. Such features of codes make it possible to implement the checkable automation systems with acceptable redundancy, which does not exceed the redundancy in the situation of duplication using. The paper highlights the method of the synthesis of self-checking combinational devices, which makes it possible to take into account the features of the source devices architecture, as well as the properties of error detection by redundant codes in solving the problem of the synthesis of technical means for diagnosis. The paper gives the basic information on the theory of the checkable digital systems synthesis on the basis of redundant codes with summation. The basic stages of the analysis of the diagnosis objects topologies are determined with the selection of groups of outputs β€” groups of structurally and functionally symmetrically independent devices outputs. The formulas are given to determine the presence or the absence of a symmetrical dependence of the diagnosis object outputs. The example illustrating the calculation process is given. The main stages of the analysis of the redundant codes application in the error detection on the functionally symmetric dependent outputs are formulated. The algorithm of the synthesis of the self-checking combinational devices with taking into account the object of diagnosis structure features and the redundant codes properties is proposed.ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ создании Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ бСзопасных ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² систСм автоматичСского управлСния часто ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ помСхоустойчивого кодирования β€” ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΡƒΠ·Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ систСмы, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… срСдств. Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ примСняСтся ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ контроля ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… логичСских устройств. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹, ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ исправлСниС ошибок. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ особСнности ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ систСмы Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ избыточности ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании дублирования. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ освСщаСтся ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ синтСза самопровСряСмых ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… устройств, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ синтСза тСхничСских срСдств диагностирования особСнности Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ исходных устройств, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ свойства обнаруТСния ошибок ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π”Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ свСдСния ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ синтСза ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… дискрСтных систСм Π½Π° основС ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм. ΠžΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹Π΅ этапы Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² диагностирования с Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² β€” Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ структурно ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ симмСтрично нСзависимых Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² устройств. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‹, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ отсутствиС симмСтричной зависимости Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° диагностирования. ДаСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡŽΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ процСсс вычислСний. Π‘Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ основныС этапы Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° примСнСния ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ выявлСнии ошибок Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ симмСтрично зависимых Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ…. Π”Π°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ синтСза самопровСряСмых логичСских устройств с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ особСнностСй структуры ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° диагностирования ΠΈ свойств ΠΈΠ·Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²

    Бпособ построСния сСмСйства ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм с наимСньшим ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΌ количСством Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ошибок Π² ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…

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    The research results of the methods for formation of separable sum codes with the minimum number of undetectable errors in data vectors are presented. A formula for counting the number of undetectable errors in data vectors and codes family properties are given. A universal method for formation of such codes is shown, which makes it possible for each value of the data vector length to obtain a whole family of codes that also have different distributions of undetectable errors by type and multiplicity. An example of codes formation, methods for analyzing characteristics, code comparison are presented. A method for synthesizing coders of developed sum codes is suggested.Β Π˜Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдований способов построСния Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм с наимСньшим ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΌ количСством Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ошибок Π² ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Ρ‹ подсчСта числа Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ошибок Π² ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ… ΠΈ свойства Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ класса ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ способ построСния Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ для ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ значСния Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ получСния Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сСмСйства ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ распрСдСлСниями Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ошибок ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ кратностям. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ построСния ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², мСтодология Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΡ… характСристик, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ сравнСниС ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ собой. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ синтСза ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² с суммированиСм

    Introduction to Logic Circuits & Logic Design with Verilog

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    The overall goal of this book is to fill a void that has appeared in the instruction of digital circuits over the past decade due to the rapid abstraction of system design. Up until the mid-1980s, digital circuits were designed using classical techniques. Classical techniques relied heavily on manual design practices for the synthesis, minimization, and interfacing of digital systems. Corresponding to this design style, academic textbooks were developed that taught classical digital design techniques. Around 1990, large-scale digital systems began being designed using hardware description languages (HDL) and automated synthesis tools. Broad-scale adoption of this modern design approach spread through the industry during this decade. Around 2000, hardware description languages and the modern digital design approach began to be taught in universities, mainly at the senior and graduate level. There were a variety of reasons that the modern digital design approach did not penetrate the lower levels of academia during this time. First, the design and simulation tools were difficult to use and overwhelmed freshman and sophomore students. Second, the ability to implement the designs in a laboratory setting was infeasible. The modern design tools at the time were targeted at custom integrated circuits, which are cost- and time-prohibitive to implement in a university setting. Between 2000 and 2005, rapid advances in programmable logic and design tools allowed the modern digital design approach to be implemented in a university setting, even in lower-level courses. This allowed students to learn the modern design approach based on HDLs and prototype their designs in real hardware, mainly fieldprogrammable gate arrays (FPGAs). This spurred an abundance of textbooks to be authored, teaching hardware description languages and higher levels of design abstraction. This trend has continued until today. While abstraction is a critical tool for engineering design, the rapid movement toward teaching only the modern digital design techniques has left a void for freshman- and sophomore-level courses in digital circuitry. Legacy textbooks that teach the classical design approach are outdated and do not contain sufficient coverage of HDLs to prepare the students for follow-on classes. Newer textbooks that teach the modern digital design approach move immediately into high-level behavioral modeling with minimal or no coverage of the underlying hardware used to implement the systems. As a result, students are not being provided the resources to understand the fundamental hardware theory that lies beneath the modern abstraction such as interfacing, gate-level implementation, and technology optimization. Students moving too rapidly into high levels of abstraction have little understanding of what is going on when they click the β€œcompile and synthesize” button of their design tool. This leads to graduates who can model a breadth of different systems in an HDL but have no depth into how the system is implemented in hardware. This becomes problematic when an issue arises in a real design and there is no foundational knowledge for the students to fall back on in order to debug the problem
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