3 research outputs found

    Spatial Encoding Strategy Theory: The Relationship between Spatial Skill and STEM Achievement

    Get PDF
    Learners’ spatial skill is a reliable and significant predictor of achievement in STEM, including computing, education. Spatial skill is also malleable, meaning it can be improved through training. Most cognitive skill training improves performance on only a narrow set of similar tasks, but researchers have found ample evidence that spatial training can broadly improve STEM achievement. We do not yet know the cognitive mechanisms that make spatial skill training broadly transferable when other cognitive training is not, but understanding these mechanisms is important for developing training and instruction that consistently benefits learners, especially those starting with low spatial skill. This paper proposes the spatial encoding strategy (SpES) theory to explain the cognitive mechanisms connecting spatial skill and STEM achievement. To motivate SpES theory, the paper reviews research from STEM education, learning sciences, and psychology. SpES theory provides compelling post hoc explanations for the findings from this literature and aligns with neuroscience models about the functions of brain structures. The paper concludes with a plan for testing the theory’s validity and using it to inform future research and instruction. The paper focuses on implications for computing education, but the transferability of spatial skill to STEM performance makes the proposed theory relevant to many education communities

    Διερεύνηση των οπτικών και αναλυτικών στρατηγικών επίλυσης προβλημάτων Οργανικής Χημείας από λύτες διαφορετικής εμπειρίας και της σχέσης τους με την οπτικοχωρική ικανότητα των μαθητών

    Get PDF
    Στην παρούσα διατριβή διερευνήθηκε η υιοθέτηση οπτικών και αναλυτικών στρατηγικών κατά την επίλυση προβλημάτων Οργανικής Χημείας από λύτες διαφορετικών επιπέδων εμπειρίας, μαθητές, φοιτητές και εκπαιδευτικούς. Για το σκοπό αυτό δημιουργήθηκαν τρία εργαλεία, τα VASCHEM, VACT και VACTA, τα οποία αξιολογήθηκαν για να διαπιστωθεί αν είναι κατάλληλα να ανιχνεύσουν τη χρήση των οπτικών και αναλυτικών στρατηγικών κατά την επίλυση προβλημάτων που αναφέρονταν στη μοριακή δομή οργανικών ενώσεων. Η ανάλυση των δεδομένων ανέδειξε το εργαλείο VACT (Visual Analytic Chemistry Task) ως το πλέον κατάλληλο, το οποίο διαθέτει καλά ψυχομετρικά χαρακτηριστικά και επιτρέπει την απευθείας ανίχνευση της χρήσης αναλυτικών στρατηγικών χωρίς να απαιτείται η χρονοβόρος διερεύνηση των διαδικασιών συλλογισμού. Η εφαρμογή του VACT σε 293 συμμετέχοντες διαφορετικού επιπέδου εμπειρίας έδειξε ότι η υιοθέτηση των αναλυτικών στρατηγικών στην Οργανική Χημεία είναι μια ιδιαίτερα δύσκολη διαδικασία που απαιτεί τη συστηματική απόκτηση γνώσης στο συγκεκριμένο πεδίο. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν, επίσης, ότι υπάρχει μια συστηματική αλλαγή στο είδος της χρησιμοποιούμενης στρατηγικής με την απόκτηση εμπειρίας. Οι άπειροι λύτες, αλλά και εκείνοι που βρίσκονται στη διαδικασία απόκτησης εμπειρίας, πολλές φορές αποτυγχάνουν να εφαρμόσουν αναλυτικές στρατηγικές όχι επειδή στερούνται γνώσεων Χημείας, αλλά επειδή παρουσιάζουν αδυναμία να αγνοούν τη διαισθητική απάντηση που επιβάλλεται ισχυρά από την οπτική παρατήρηση. Επίσης, προέκυψε ότι η οπτικοχωρική ικανότητα των μαθητών ευνοεί την επίδοσή τους στην Οργανική Χημεία. Όμως, καθοριστικό ρόλο παίζει η απόκτηση της γνώσης στο συγκεκριμένο πεδίο. Στη διατριβή αυτή παρουσιάζεται, επιπλέον, ο σχεδιασμός και η ανάπτυξη υλικού εξάσκησης στη χρήση οπτικών και αναλυτικών στρατηγικών για τη δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση. Στην πιλοτική έρευνα που πραγματοποιήθηκε ελέγχθηκε η εγκυρότητα του περιεχομένου του υλικού και του λογισμικού που δημιουργήθηκε, καθώς και η λειτουργικότητα της πλατφόρμας μέσω της οποίας πραγματοποιήθηκε η πιλοτική εφαρμογή.In the present thesis, the adoption of imagistic and analytic strategies by individuals at different levels of expertise, school students, university students and teachers, was investigated. For this purpose three instruments, VASCHEM, VACT and VACTA, were constructed and their capability of detecting the use of imagistic and analytic strategies during problem solving in organic chemistry, and more specifically in molecular structure, was examined. Data analysis revealed VACT (Visual Analytic Chemistry Task) as the most appropriate instrument with good psychometric qualities, which allows the direct detection of analytic strategy use without requiring the time consuming investigation of drawing inferences about underlying mental processes. The VACT was administered to 293 individuals of different levels of expertise and the results indicated that the adoption of analytic strategies in organic chemistry is a particularly difficult process that requires the systematic acquisition of Organic Chemistry knowledge in this field. The results also showed that there is a systematic shift in strategy use with the acquisition of expertise. Novices and individuals who are in the process of expertise fail, in some cases, to use analytic strategies in chemistry not because they lack knowledge, but because they face difficulty to ignore the response strongly suggested by visual inspection. The results, also, revealed that students’ performance in Organic Chemistry is favored by their spatial ability. However, students’ performance in this field is determined by the acquisition of chemistry knowledge. Furthermore, in this thesis the design and the development of a training material in the use of imagistic and analytic strategies for the secondary education are presented. A pilot study was carried out in order to examine the content validity of the material and the corresponding software as well as the functionality of the platform through which the pilot application was conducted

    Visual literacy in anatomy

    Get PDF
    Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)All branches of anatomy (gross anatomy, histology, neuroanatomy, and embryology) involve significant amounts of visual identification. Understanding the spatial relationship and visual representations of anatomical structures forms the basis for much of anatomy education, particularly in laboratory courses. Students in these courses frequently struggle with the visual aspects of identification, and many lack the metacognitive awareness to identify this problem. The research presented here details a series of experiments designed to elucidate the factors involved in students’ difficulties with studying the visual aspects of anatomy. All of the research projects discussed involved surveying students about their specific study habits. Student populations surveyed include first-year medical students and undergraduates in anatomy, physiology. These populations were surveyed about their study habits in each course, and their level of familiarity with visual learning. Additionally some populations were given a mental rotation test to assess their spatial abilities. These survey data were then correlated with course grades in an effort to determine the most successful study strategies. Active learning approaches (including student-produced drawings) were most strongly correlated with high course grades. However, efforts to teach lower-performing students active learning skills did not produce significant results, possibly due to the lack of a metacognitive component in this instruction. The results of each project indicate a lack of good study skills among students at all levels of anatomy instruction, and highlight the need for more instruction in how to study for anatomy, including metacognitive awareness, especially focused on the visual aspects of the course
    corecore