ケルト社会の地域性とアイデンティティとしての信仰 : 紀元前３世紀以降のウィンデリキアを例に

関西学院大

Southern British decorated bronzes of the late pre-Roman Iron Age

This thesis is based on a study of more than 500 bronzes, described in a Catalogue, and mostly illustrated, of the late pre-Roman Iron Age from England and Wales south of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The classes of objects studied comprise: presumed and probable vehicle-fittings and horse-harness, weaponry, mirrors, vessels, 'spoons', weighing-devices, and miscellaneous other pieces including sheet mounts and ornamental studs. New classifications are proposed, and the presumed functions of the bronzes are discussed. An outline assessment is made of the techniques of manufacture, excluding data on chemical composition and physical structure. The most important technical innovations are indicated. The principles underlying the dating of the bronzes are examined, and it is concluded that previous chronologies have been over-precise, and that two phases may be discerned. Distribution-patterns are discussed; two major style-zones, a western and an eastern, are distinguished, and shown to have originated before the birth of Christ. Workshops are shown to have been located in most parts of southern Britain, C. Fox's model of workshop-distribution being rejected. Aspects of smith-organisation are considered, and directions for further research are suggested

The emergence of the Roman politically interventionist legion in 88 BC : an integrated theory

The conventional explanation, ancient and modern, for the emergence for the first time of the politically interventionist legion in the Roman Republic's history outside the southern Italian city of Nola in 88 BC, rests primarily on the idea that soldiers intervened in politics because of pecuniary self-interest: that is, what they could materially gain from the arrangement. According to this perspective, a mercenary spirit had infected the late-republican citizen-militia which was subsequently exploited by insurrectionist generals such as L. Cornelius Sulla. This was largely possible because C. Marius in 107 BC abolished the traditional timocratic underpinnings of republican military service by allowing the previously-ineligible poor into the army, making pecuniary self-interest the dominant motivation for service in late-republican armies. In isolation and out of context, however, this is an unsatisfactory explanation for intervention. Soldiers had always expected to profit from war: this was a factor in 88 BC, but it was not the new, critical ingredient of late-republican military service that led to large-scale political intervention. Marius' 107 BC recruitment reform did not change the demographic makeup of the army, and the poor had always been represented in service in large numbers without this previously leading to insurrectionist or mercenary armies that were a danger to the state. Instead, Sulla's soldiers intervened for a range of other factors. A process of desensitisation to the risk of fighting fellow citizens, the citizen-militia's tradition of insubordination in political cause and as a forum for the redress of personal grievance, and the pernicious influence of contemporary endemic violence on Roman political discourse - along with the desire to profit from war - all played their part in persuading the army to support Sulla's sedition. In the background, too, was confusion among Sulla's soldiers over who legitimately represented the state. This confusion allowed Sulla to reinforce his credentials to legitimacy, reinforcing the soldiers' decision to help him. There was thus no single economic motive dominating the explanation for intervention. Rather, all these factors acted in unison, and on that day outside Nola in 88 BC, together they proved decisive. For the Republic, it meant that the emergence of the politically interventionist legion, and its subsequent persistent presence in late-republican political dynamics, was all but inevitable

Maiden Castle, Dorset

This is an account of the archaeological excavations of Maiden Castle, in Dorset, England. Included are descriptions of artefacts such as pottery and human remains, together with an account of the methodology used to unearth these

Early medieval sculpture in the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland

This thesis places the early medieval sculpture of the West Highlands and Islands, which has previously been studied primarily in relation to either Pictish or Irish sculpture, in its own cultural context. The region is separated from the rest of Scotland by the watershed of Druimalban (the "Spine of Britain") and formed a distinctive cultural area between the late sixth and the twelfth century. Four major categories of sculpture are discussed: Pictish symbol stones, cross-marked and cruciform stones, the sculptured stone crosses of the Iona School, and monuments carved after the devastating Viking attack on Iona in 806. A review of place-name, archaeological and historical evidence establishes the existence of a Pictish province west of Druimalban, which was lost to the Gaelic kingdom of Dal Riata at the end of the seventh century. Typological examination dates the western Pictish symbol stones to the period when control of the Pictish western province passed to Dal Riata. The lateness of the western symbol stones is used to argue for an emergence date of c. 600 for the symbol stone series east of Druimalban. The establishment of the kingdom of Dal Riata provides the background for the introduction of Christianity from Ireland. Cross-marked and cruciform stones are found throughout the region and illustrate the spread of Gaelic Christianity, beginning in the late sixth century. Simple incised crosses are seen to exemplify the "white martyrdom" of monastic and eremitic life. Iona's central role in the development of Gaelic monasticism provides the context for the Iona School of crosses, which is dated between the mid-eighth century and the beginning of the ninth. The iconography and decoration of the Iona School crosses reflect artistic contact with Pictland and Northumbria, but it is argued that they were carved by Gaelic sculptors influenced by native metalwork and iconographical sources brought from the Continent of Europe. Viking raids and settlement in the first half of the ninth century led to the removal of the centre of the Columban paruchia from Iona to Kells in Ireland, the unification of the Dalriadic and Pictish kingdoms and the transference of royal rule to the east of Druimalban. Sculpture carved west of Druimalban between the mid-ninth and the eleventh century was, for the most part, outside the mainstream of Gaelic art and represents fusions in varying combinations of Gaelic, Pictish and Scandinavian taste. The Scandinavian contribution was minimal and only one monument of inferior quality, which may be as late as the early twelfth century, was carved in one of the principal Viking styles. Sculpture carved in the West Highlands and Islands between the late sixth and the twelfth centuries provides a record in stone of an area in the process of developing cultural unity. The cohesion achieved by Dal Riata in the late seventh and eighth centuries was destroyed by the Vikings and a new synthesis was achieved by the kindred of Somerled, beginning in the mid-twelfth century. Artistically, the late medieval sculpture of the Lordship of the Isles is of provincial importance, but the West Highlands and Islands made a major contribution to the early medieval art of northern Britain and Ireland

Celtic constructs : heritage media, archaeological knowledge and the politics of consumption in 1990s Britain.

Over the past ten years, the academic archaeological community has begun to come to terms with some of the implications of the archaeological're-thinking the Celts'. Yet, what can we say about the ways in which images of an archaeo-historic Celtic cultural package are circulated in heritage media, and invested with meaning by the consumers (i.e. us all) of those media? Despite the academic critique of the potentially dangerous conflation of race and politics which characterizes Celticentric heritage media, very little work has been done on the forms that these media take, and on the actual mobilization of Celtic images in the everyday. This dissertation represents an attempt to chart the landscapes of Celticentric heritage media in English-speaking Europe of the 1990s, and the ways in which those landscapes are mobilized in our lives. From in-depth interviews with visitors to two Welsh spaces of Celtic representation - Castell Henllys Iron Age Hillfort and Celtica - I go on to suggest that while it is a mistake to reduce such consumption to a value-free leisure activity, neither should we uncritically assume that representations of the Celtic automatically reproduce racist and nationalist discourses via an unproblematic relationship between 'text' and 'reader'. Rather, we need to look at the specific circumstances of active visitor engagement in order to begin to understand the ways in which these physical representations of Celtic culture are' good to think' the politics of identity in late- 1990s Britain. From this work I am able to suggest creative ways forward for those presenting media narratives of pastness. The key is to rethink our own professional attitudes towards monolithic notions of 'the public' and the meanings which are invested in the communal consumption of images of a Celtic past

Unary Language Operations, State Complexity and Jacobsthal's Function

In this paper we give the cost, in terms of states, of some basic operations (union, intersection, concatenation, and Kleene star) on regular languages in the unary case (where the alphabet contains only one symbol). These costs are given by explicitly determining the number of states in the noncyclic and cyclic parts of the resulting automata. Furthermore, we prove that our bounds are optimal. We also present an interesting connection to Jacobsthal's function from number theory