429 research outputs found

    Resistive switching devices with improved control of oxygen vacancies dynamics

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    L'abstract รจ presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

    Formation polarity dependent improved resistive switching memory characteristics using nanoscale (1.3 nm) core-shell IrOx nano-dots

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    Improved resistive switching memory characteristics by controlling the formation polarity in an IrOx/Al2O3/IrOx-ND/Al2O3/WOx/W structure have been investigated. High density of 1 ร— 1013/cm2 and small size of 1.3 nm in diameter of the IrOx nano-dots (NDs) have been observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The IrOx-NDs, Al2O3, and WOx layers are confirmed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy. Capacitance-voltage hysteresis characteristics show higher charge-trapping density in the IrOx-ND memory as compared to the pure Al2O3 devices. This suggests that the IrOx-ND device has more defect sites than that of the pure Al2O3 devices. Stable resistive switching characteristics under positive formation polarity on the IrOx electrode are observed, and the conducting filament is controlled by oxygen ion migration toward the Al2O3/IrOx top electrode interface. The switching mechanism is explained schematically based on our resistive switching parameters. The resistive switching random access memory (ReRAM) devices under positive formation polarity have an applicable resistance ratio of > 10 after extrapolation of 10 years data retention at 85ยฐC and a long read endurance of 105 cycles. A large memory size of > 60 Tbit/sq in. can be realized in future for ReRAM device application. This study is not only important for improving the resistive switching memory performance but also help design other nanoscale high-density nonvolatile memory in future

    Investigation on the Stabilizing Effect of Titanium in HfO2-Based Resistive Switching Devices With Tungsten Electrode

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    Resistive switching (RS) devices, also referred to as resistive random access memories (ReRAMs), rely on a working principle based on the change of electrical resistance following proper external electrical stimuli. Since the demonstration of the first resistive memory based on a binary transition metal oxide (TMO) enclosed in a metalโ€“insulatorโ€“metal (MIM) structure, this class of devices has been considered a key player for simple and low-cost memories. However, successful large-scale integration with standard complementary metalโ€“oxideโ€“semiconductor (CMOS) technologies still needs systematic investigations. In this work, we examine the beneficial effect titanium has when employed as a buffer layer between CMOS-compatible materials like hafnium dioxide and tungsten. Hindering the tungsten oxidation, Ti provides RS stabilization and allows getting faster responses from the devices. Through an extensive comparative study, the effect of both thickness and composition of Ti-based buffer layers is investigated. The reported results show how titanium can be effectively employed to stabilize and tailor the RS behavior of the devices, and they may open the way to the definition of new design rules for ReRAMโ€“CMOS integration. Moreover, the gradual switching and the response speed tunability observed employing titanium might also extend the domain of interest of these results to brain-inspired computing applications

    Accelerate & Actualize: Can 2D Materials Bridge the Gap Between Neuromorphic Hardware and the Human Brain?

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    Two-dimensional (2D) materials present an exciting opportunity for devices and systems beyond the von Neumann computing architecture paradigm due to their diversity of electronic structure, physical properties, and atomically-thin, van der Waals structures that enable ease of integration with conventional electronic materials and silicon-based hardware. All major classes of non-volatile memory (NVM) devices have been demonstrated using 2D materials, including their operation as synaptic devices for applications in neuromorphic computing hardware. Their atomically-thin structure, superior physical properties, i.e., mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as gate-tunable electronic properties provide performance advantages and novel functionality in NVM devices and systems. However, device performance and variability as compared to incumbent materials and technology remain major concerns for real applications. Ultimately, the progress of 2D materials as a novel class of electronic materials and specifically their application in the area of neuromorphic electronics will depend on their scalable synthesis in thin-film form with desired crystal quality, defect density, and phase purity.Comment: Neuromorphic Computing, 2D Materials, Heterostructures, Emerging Memory Devices, Resistive, Phase-Change, Ferroelectric, Ferromagnetic, Crossbar Array, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Spiking Neural Network

    Resistive switching in ALD metal-oxides with engineered interfaces

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    L'abstract รจ presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen

    Stochastic resonance exploration in current-driven ReRAM devices

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    ยฉ 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Advances in emerging resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) technology show promise for its use in future computing systems, enabling neuromorphic and memory-centric computing architectures. However, one aspect that holds back the widespread practical use of ReRAM is the behavioral variability of resistive switching devices. In this context, a radically new path towards ReRAM-based electronics concerns the exploitation of noise and the Stochastic Resonance (SR) phenomenon as a mechanism to mitigate the impact of variability. While SR has been already demonstrated in ReRAM devices and its potential impact has been analyzed for memory applications, related works have only focused on voltage input signals. In this work we present preliminary results concerning the exploration of SR in current-driven ReRAM devices, commercially available by Knowm Inc. Our results indicate that additive noise of amplitude s = 0.125uA can stabilize the cycling performance of the devices, whereas higher noise amplitude improves the HRS-LRS resistance window, thus could affect positively the Bit Error Rate (BER) metric in ReRAM memory applications.Supported by the Chilean research grants FONDECYT INICIACION 11180706 and ANID-Basal FB0008, and by the Spanish MCIN grants PID2019-105658RB-I00, and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grant PID2019-103869RB-C33.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Uniform resistive switching memory using localized charge trapping

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ), 2020. 8. ํ™ฉ์ฒ ์„ฑ.๋ฉค๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” 1971๋…„ ์ถ”์•„ ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋˜๊ณ , 2008๋…„ ํœด๋ ›ํŒฉ์ปค๋“œ(HP) ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋‰ด๋กœ๋ชจํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๋กœ์ง, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋“ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ๊ธˆ์†-์ ˆ์—ฐ๋ง‰-๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ณต์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์  ๋ฐ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฐ” ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 4F2๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ F๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ ์„ ํญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด DRAM, NAND, NOR ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 6F2, 5F2, 10F2 ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์…€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฉค๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ง‘์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์†Œ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ NAND ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. NAND ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์ง์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง‘์ ๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 100๋‹จ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ณต์ • ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ž‘ ์ „์••์ด ํฐ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง์†Œ์ž ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋ง‰์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊บผ์›Œ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ ๋‚ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์นฉ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋†’์ด์— ์ˆ˜์ง ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ง‘์ ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋™์ž‘ ์ „์••๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ง‘์ ๋„, ์ˆ˜์ง ์†Œ์ž๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ €์žฅ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์˜ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ์›๋ฆฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(conductive path)๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์—ด์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘ ์‚ฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ง‘์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œ์ž ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋™์ž‘์—์„œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ„ ๋™์ž‘ ์‚ฐํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ, ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ชฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋™์ž‘๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐํฌ, ์†Œ์ž์™€ ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Pt/Ta2O5/HfO2/TiN ์†Œ์ž ๋‚ด Au nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์ž๋Š” HfO2 ๋ง‰๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” shallow trap sites์— ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ trapping/detrapping ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ trapping ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ, detrapping ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋†’์€ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. Ta2O5 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ HfO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” plasma๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” deep trap sites๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์˜์—ญ์— Au nanodots์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „๊ณ„ ์ง‘์ค‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Au nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์†Œ์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋™์ž‘ ์‚ฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Au nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์†Œ์ž๋Š” ~200๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋™์ž‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, Au nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1000๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋™์ž‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋™์ž‘ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ, ์ปดํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์Šค ์ „๋ฅ˜(compliance current)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ trap sites์— ํฌํš๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ž์˜ ์–‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ off ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒน์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ multi-level ๋™์ž‘ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” Au nanodots์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , COMSOL ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ณ„์ง‘์ค‘ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด HfO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‚ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ trap sites์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์ž์— Au nanodots์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ HfO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๊ณผ Ta2O5 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‚ด ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์›์ž์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HfO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ผ์ • ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  Au nanodots์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค€ ํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ HfO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ HfO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‚ด Au nanodots์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  Ta2O5 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‚ด์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Au nanodots์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Ta2O5 ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์—๋Š” ๊ด€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋†’์€ ์ผํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” Pt ์™€ Schottky barrier๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€์ •๋ฅ˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Ta2O5 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋‚ด Au nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•, ์Šค์œ„์นญ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , COMSOL ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Au nanodots์˜ ์‚ฝ์ž… ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ „๊ณ„ ์ง‘์ค‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ณ„ ์ง‘์ค‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์นญ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ, Au nanodots ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๋ฉด์— ํ˜•์„ฑ ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ „์ž๋น” ๋…ธ๊ด‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. nanodots์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” AAO, ๊ตฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ nanodots์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ nanodots์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจํ›„ ์†Œ์ž ์ œ์ž‘์„ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ์ž์™€ ์†Œ์ž ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฐํฌ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์†Œ์ž๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ž๋น” ๋…ธ๊ด‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ Au nanodots์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋น” ๋…ธ๊ด‘์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„ Au ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  lift-off ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ Au nanodots์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์†Œ 50nm ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๊ด‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” PMMA๋ฅผ ๋‘ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ undercut์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ lift-off ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ Au ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์— ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ nanodots ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์ž๋น” ๋…ธ๊ด‘ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ด‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ Au nanodots์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์›์ž ํž˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ nanodots์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์•ž์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ nanodots์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ์ „๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.The Memristor was firstly introduced by the professor Chua in 1971 and has been researched by many groups such as Hewlett-Packard (HP) since 2008. Resistive switching memory (ReRAM) has simple structure of metal-insulator-metal and has potential usage for recent ongoing topics of neuromorphic, synapse, and logic. Due to simple structure, it can be fabricated with low cost and has advantage of crossbar array with a unit cell of 4F2, where F means minimum feature size. Whereas, DRAM, NAND, NOR, and Flash Memory have 6F2, 5F2, 10F2, respectively. Since the memristor has the smallest unit cell among the other memory, it has a significant potential to replace NAND flash memory for high integration system. Although the recent technology of the vertical NAND flash memory increases the integration, it has a couple of limitations. First is its fabrication difficulty after layers of 100. Higher height also derives limitation of the high operation voltage in the Flash memory due to thicker insulating layer. On the other hand, ReRAM has many advantages over the flash memory such as low operation voltage, high integration, and potential compatibility of the vertical devices. Despite the advantages, it has a low reproducibility due to formation of the multiple conductive paths. These paths affect the variation of the operation voltage in the process of the formation and destruction of the paths. To address this problem, many researches have to be done not only for a high integration but most importantly for uniformity of the operation in the array. In the first part, insertion of Au nanodots in Pt/Ta2O5/HfO2/TiN was introduced to improve cell-to-cell variation and cyclic variation. The mechanism of the HfO2 was that electrons were trapped and detrapped in the shallow trap sites. When the electrons were trapped, it showed the low resistance state, whereas the high resistance for the detrapping state. In addition, when Ta2O5 was deposited on the HfO2, its plasma created the deep trap states, which acted as a conducting path. If Au nanodots were inserted in this layer, they assisted the conducting path and improved the memory switching because of the electric field concentration effect. The device without Au nanodots could exhibit around 200 cycles, but more than 1000 cycles could be done with the Au nanodots inserted. The Au nanodots inserted device was also capable of doing the multi-level operation by creating the stable 8 current level states under controls of the number of trapped electrons with compliance current. In the second part, electric switching operation based on the location of the inserted Au nanodots was addressed along with the COMSOL simulation tool for the electric field concentration. Two different locations, atomic layer deposited HfO2 and Ta2O5, were examined. Ta2O5 was well known for non-resistive switching layer and diode-like rectifying behavior from the Schottky barrier between high work function of Pt. Therefore, insertion of the Au nanodots might not affect this switching behavior. Switching behavior in Ta2O5, however, was improved after insertion of the Au nanodots. This unexpected behavior was confirmed through COMSOL simulation that if the location of the Au nanodots was sufficiently away from the interface, its improvement of the endurance was faded out along with the weaker field concentration effect. As a result, this experimentally confirms that the switching behavior was occurred at the interface. In the third part, fabrication of the Au nanodots in the localized area with electron beam (e-beam) deposition was addressed. There were many methods to deposit nanodots such as AAO, but those methods could not control the size or distribution of the nanodots since they used the circular shape nanostructure. The distribution of the nanodots is important factor because it could cause the cell-to-cell variation. To control the two factors, e-beam deposition was used. Au nanodots could be fabricated with these steps in order, e-beam exposure, deposition of the Au thin film and subsequent lift-off process. To achieve the fine size of the Au nanodots, reducing stress to the Au thin film and fine control of the e-beam power were important. Reducing stress could be achieved by controlling side slope of the photoresist (PR) in the exposure process. Two layers of PMMA with different molecular weight were deposited to create undercut slope PR, which reduced stress to the Au thin film. E-beam power was also important, which determined number of electrons emit to the PR layer. Too small of the power caused not enough reaction to create the pattern, whereas too high of the power caused broader pattern of the PR. Therefore, fine control of the power was necessary. As a result, the minimum size of 50 nm Au nanodots could be fabricated. After insertion of the Au nanodots, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to confirm locations of the conductive path on the surface. In the device, the conductive path showed in the nanodots, which confirmed successful induction of the electric field concentration. Therefore, this field concentration around the nanodots showed improvement in the switching properties.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Resistive switching Random Access Memory 1 1.2. Critical factor for a high-density array 4 1.3. Research scope and objective 6 2. Improvement of resistive switching uniformity by embedding Au nanodots in the Pt/Ta2O5/HfO2/TiN structure 7 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Experimental 12 2.3. Results and Discussions 14 2.4. Summary 36 3. Effect of electric field concentration depending on the location of Au nanodots in the device 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Experimental 40 3.3. Results and Discussions 42 3.4. Summary 57 4. Quantification of Au nanodots in the nanoscale devices 58 4.1. Introduction 58 4.2. Experimental 60 4.3. Results and Discussion 62 4.4. Summary 76 Conclusion 78 Biblography 82 List of publications 90 Abstract (in Korean) 101Docto
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