In search of the fastest sorting algorithm

This paper explores in a chronological way the concepts, structures, and algorithms that programmers and computer scientists have tried out in their attempt to produce and improve the process of sorting. The measure of ‘fastness’ in this paper is mainly given in terms of the Big O notation.peer-reviewe

From Labor Law to Employment Law: What Next?

[Excerpt] If bargaining is broad-based (in nonfragmented units) and if the parties have full resort to a reasonable panoply of economic weapons, the stakes usually will be too high for either side to press for impasse. But in the event of a breakdown in negotiations, the parties should be allowed to engage in a fair fight

Ethnic differences in the effect of parity on breast cancer incidence in premenopausal women in Singapore

Master'sMASTER OF SCIENC

Changing tradition: New frontiers in spelling instruction : a developmental spelling word study workshop

The purpose of this project is to create a three day workshop focused on a word study curriculum that is based on the developmental theory of spelling. The audience for this workshop would be elementary teachers (first through fifth grade) who are interested in developing a spelling curriculum that is based on current research and individual student needs. The workshop would introduce current research and teach teachers how to analyze student spelling errors. It would also focus on three main questions for developing a word study curriculum: How do I assess and evaluate students?; How do I group and manage students?; and What are daily classroom procedures and instructional practices? The workshop will include hands-on activities and time for teachers to begin designing their own word study curriculum

The Advocate, October 14, 2004

https://red.mnstate.edu/advocate/1062/thumbnail.jp

Property, Persons, and Institutionalized Police Interdiction in Byrd v. United States

During a fairly routine traffic stop of a motorist driving a rental car, two State Troopers in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, discovered that the driver, Terrence Byrd, was not the listed renter. The Court ruled that Byrd nonetheless retained a Fourth Amendment right to object to the search. The Court did not address, however, why the Troopers stopped Byrd in the first place. A close examination of the case filings reveal suggests that Byrd was stopped on the basis of his race. The racial feature ofthe stop is obscured by the Court’s current property-basedinterpretation of the Fourth Amendment’s right to privacy. Although the property-based approach is supposed to be an improvement upon the privacy approach, it merely repeats the problems of incoherence or judicial fiat that undermine theprivacy regime it is supposed to replace. The Court’s newproperty analysis turns upon traditional property notions of possession, control, and the right to exclude. However, property concepts are not neutral in the manner that the Court envisages. For example, it is not clear that property, rather than tort or agency or even criminal law, is uniquely applicable to determine the outcome of any given dispute, so that where there are multiple eligible options, then the judge can pick the one that best suits her own preference. Furthermore, even within property law, there are different ways in which property concepts may be used to interpret the Fourth Amendment right to privacy, and so the Justices can and do select among a palate of conflicting property options. We can contrast the property-based approach with ChiefJustice Roberts’s anti-arbitrariness approach to the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence in two recent Big Data cases, Riley v. California and Carpenter v. United States. In these cases, the Chief Justice repeatedly insists, firstly, that the Fourth Amendment was adopted in response to an institutionalized, state policy targeting the public for mass searches of their homes and persons; and secondly, that technology has transformed personhood in ways that make persons more dependent and insecure. This transformation has made us, not independent, but increasingly dependent and vulnerable, so that we are liable to government searches that go beyond physical limits that would otherwise constrain the scope of the search. The Chief Justice’s anti-arbitrariness jurisprudence rejecting unwarranted mass searches of vulnerable persons applies more generally, outside the realm of big data, to other ways in which persons are vulnerable and dependent. For example, his approach also applies to the type of institutionalized drug interdiction of automobiles discernible in the Byrd case, which raises the specter of mass policing of racial minorities. This mass policing of people of color renders the personhood of minority car divers dependent and vulnerable in similar ways to mobile phone users. Accordingly, a better option would be to develop Chief Justice Roberts’s personhood analysis to take into account ways in which racially targeted mass policing transform personhood in ways that make them dependent and insecure

Narrowing the Tax Gap Through Presumptive Taxation

This Article highlights the primary tax enforcement problem in the United States, that of noncompliant small and medium-sized businesses (" SMBs"), and it explores the possibility of a radical solution: shifting away from the current system, which attempts to tax the actual income of each business, and toward a system that taxes only a rough approximation (or probabilistic estimate) of business income. This sort of presumptive tax approach has been used for years in developing economies, where the problem of SMB noncompliance is even worse than in the U.S. This Article argues that the time has come to at least consider various ways of taxing SMBs in the U.S. on a presumptive basis as well. The particular regime that the Article spends the most time developing is a type of modified gross receipts (MGR) tax of the sort that is used in some developing economies. Under our version of the MGR approach, SMB taxpayers would be taxed on a rough estimate of their annual income using (a) their reported gross receipts and (b) presumed profit ratios based on historical line-of-business profit margins. Whether such a regime would make sense depends on a number of key unanswered questions, including how narrowly and accurately such historical line-of-business profit percentages can be drawn and at what cost. We also discuss whether such a regime should be mandatory or optional; and, if mandatory, whether it should be only a mandatory minimum (like the alternative minimum tax) or both a minimum and maximum. Moving to an MGR approach to taxing SMB income would require a major change in the Internal Revenue Code. As a more modest alternative, the Article also considers instead having the IRS begin to use presumptive-tax principles as part of their audit strategies. If the Service could credibly commit to applying some form of presumptive/probabilistic tax system in its auditing decisions (perhaps as part of the Discriminate Index Function), and if taxpayers reacted rationally to such an audit policy, the results could be similar to an optional presumptive business income tax