Government-financed factories and the establishment of industries by refugees in the special areas of the North of England 1937-1961

The industries established by refugees who arrived in Britain before, and to a smaller extent, during and after World War II have become part of the industrial history of the Special or Development Areas of the North of England and of their efforts to change their industrial structure. The foundation of these industries was closely connected with the establishment of Government-financed factories and with the provision of other inducements aimed at facilitating this change. The causes and effects of the industrial decline and of the depression which forced the State to intervene are examined, as also the first Special Areas legislation of 1934 and of the Government-financed factories on Trading Estates and elsewhere which resulted from this legislation. The problem of finance for the new ventures and partial solutions are briefly outlined. The Special Areas Amendment Act 1937 and its consequences are discussed. The appearance of refugees in Britain after 1933 cannot be properly understood without some discussion of the background. We give, therefore, a brief outline of the origin of the refugee problem and discuss British policies towards refugees at some length. We examine public and private attitudes and trace the development of the refugee problem in the light of political events in Europe after 1933. We contrast the welcome given to refugee industrialists with the general policy, provided they were willing to settle in one of the depressed areas of Britain. The start of refugee industries in the North is described next, as are some of their problems, both those which were intrinsic and those which were created by the War. The work of the Refugee Industries Committee is examined in some detail. Post-War developments of firms started before and after the War are briefly described. Next, we are summing up the information arising from the Case Histories which we collected. We discuss aspects of the settlement of refugee industries and justify our view that this settlement has been successful. The Case Histories of all firms founded by refugees and still in existence in the North on 1 November 1974 follow, as also brief notes on firms which were no longer in existence on that date. Our study ends with some general conclusions. The appendices provide data in support of some of our findings, as also some documents which are unlikely to be available even to the more specialised students of this general subject

Coming to America: Carnap, Reichenbach and the Great Intellectual Migration. Part II: Hans Reichenbach

In the years before the Second World War, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach emigrated to the United States, escaping the quickly deteriorating political situation on the continent. Once in the U.S., the two significantly changed the American philosophical climate. In this two-part paper, I reconstruct Carnap’s and Reichenbach’s surprisingly numerous interactions with American academics in the decades before their move in order to explain the impact of their arrival in the late 1930s. Building on archival material of several key players and institutions in the development of scientific philosophy, I take some first steps toward answering the question why logical empiricism became so successful in the United States after the War. Part I reconstructs Carnap’s development between 1923, when he first visited New York, and 1936, when he was offered a position at the University of Chicago. Part II traces Reichenbach’s development and focuses on his frequent interactions with American academics throughout the 1930s. In both parts, special attention is paid to the zealous efforts of a number of American academics (most notably Edward Allen, Sidney Hook, C. I. Lewis, Charles Morris, Ernest Nagel, and W. V. Quine) to market the work of Carnap and Reichenbach in the United States

Coming to America: Carnap, Reichenbach and the Great Intellectual Migration. Part I: Rudolf Carnap

In the years before the Second World War, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach emigrated to the United States, escaping the quickly deteriorating political situation on the continent. Once in the U.S., the two significantly changed the American philosophical climate. In this two-part paper, I reconstruct Carnap’s and Reichenbach’s surprisingly numerous interactions with American academics in the decades before their move in order to explain the impact of their arrival in the late 1930s. Building on archival material of several key players and institutions in the development of scientific philosophy, I take some first steps toward answering the question why logical empiricism became so successful in the United States after the War. Part I reconstructs Carnap’s development between 1923, when he first visited New York, and 1936, when he was offered a position at the University of Chicago. Part II traces Reichenbach’s development and focuses on his frequent interactions with American academics throughout the 1930s. In both parts, special attention is paid to the zealous efforts of a number of American academics (most notably Edward Allen, Sidney Hook, C. I. Lewis, Charles Morris, Ernest Nagel, and W. V. Quine) to market the work of Carnap and Reichenbach in the United States

A Gettysburg Snapshot: N. Stratton Street in 1943

This paper provides a brief examination of the east (odd) side of North Stratton Street in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, during 1943. As N. Stratton was primarily a residential road, the examination focuses on the individuals\u27 and families\u27 connection with each other, the Gettysburg community, and the broader world

Education for Victory: An Analysis of Social Studies Education in American Secondary Schools during World War II

Secondary schools during World War II were viewed as a vital component of the war effort on the home front. The nation’s youth were seen as important potential contributors to the war effort, and were educated as such. The atmosphere of total war especially affected social studies classes at this level. An analysis of contemporary educational journals and supplementary teaching materials reveals that secondary school students were virtually indoctrinated with democratic and patriotic values in their social studies classes in wartime schools. Social studies classes thus functioned as a route through which students could be encouraged to participate in the war effort. They were also a far-reaching system that attempted to unify the nation’s youth in support of the war

Special Libraries, January 1948

Volume 39, Issue 1https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1948/1000/thumbnail.jp

MS-238: Prisoner of War Letters from World Wars I and II

This collection consists of various correspondence between POWs and their families, including 86 letters, 174 postcards, and about eight package slips during both world wars. Most of this correspondence was authored by the prisoners and sent to their families from camps in Europe, although it contains some correspondence from camps in Asia and Africa. The collection also contains correspondence from prisoners in concentration camps, such as Auschwitz, and from interned civilians in France and Germany. Because these letters were the main way to contact family members, most of the POW correspondence contain thoughts of homesickness and loneliness along with updates on an individual’s health and the various activities around the camps, including work and leisure. There is also correspondence from families to the prisoners which describe family life but also express sentiments for good health and a quick and safe return. There are also about 143 empty envelopes addressed to various places, including Copenhagen, Denmark and the Red Cross headquarters in Switzerland. Moreover, there are correspondence and envelopes from just before and after World War II, including envelopes commemorating French liberation and postcards to the United Nations from prisoners of the Spanish government begging for intervention in their imprisonment by Francisco Franco. In addition, there are various other items in the collection, including a gardening manual and nine photos from a Taiwanese prison camp, unused postcards, seven postage receipts, stamps from India, a work-receipt from Burma, and three anti-Semitic labels from Belgium, as well as various materials from previous owners of the collection. It should be noted that the items in the collection are written in many different languages, including English, German, French, Italian, Polish, and Russian, although some translations are included by previous owners of the collection. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website https://www.gettysburg.edu/special-collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1202/thumbnail.jp