Some criteria for determining recognizability of a set

Let an be the number of strings of length n in a set A ⊆ ∑*, where ∑ is a finite alphabet. Several criteria for determining that a set is not recognizable by a finite automaton are given, based solely on the sequence {an}. The sequence {an} is also used to define a finitely addititive probability measure on all recognizable sets

A Novel Approach for the Assessment of the Nocturnal Image of the Cultural Landscape

Policies aimed at urban and territorial development stressed the importance of landscape as a significant resource for sustainable and economic development. In this perspective, research on landscape visual values and people preferences can support the enhancement of the global values of territories. Currently, the theoretical framework and approaches are mainly limited to the day images of sites, while nighttime landscape is not usually considered. In this study, we defined a methodological approach to address the analysis of the nocturnal image of cultural landscape contexts, in order to define indications and support the inclusion of visual values in the process of public lighting design. The approach was conceived for territorial contexts characterized by the presence of small urban settlements located in prominent positions and involved a subjective survey, an in-field measurement campaign, and statistical analysis to identify significant correlations between subjective judgments and quantitative parameters. The effectiveness of the approach was assessed through the application to a case study. The study allowed identifying subjective factors (overall impact, architecture and historicity, correspondence, alteration) and objective parameters (ratios of regions’ area, luminance values, and luminance contrasts) which describe the nightscape of cultural landscape. Results demonstrated the presence of significant correlation between subjective factors and objective parameters. The application of the method could provide designers and planners indications useful for the design of outdoor lighting system, in order to include perceptual aspects in a holistic design approach, which promotes environmental, energy, economic, and cultural sustainability

The Evaluation of Stylized Facial Expressions

Stylized rendering aims to abstract information in an image making it useful not only for artistic but also for visualization purposes. Recent advances in computer graphics techniques have made it possible to render many varieties of stylized imagery efficiently. So far, however, few attempts have been made to characterize the perceptual impact and effectiveness of stylization. In this paper, we report several experiments that evaluate three different stylization techniques in the context of dynamic facial expressions. Going beyond the usual questionnaire approach, the experiments compare the techniques according to several criteria ranging from introspective measures (subjective preference) to task-dependent measures (recognizability, intensity). Our results shed light on how stylization of image contents affects the perception and subjective evaluation of facial expressions

Applying airport signing systems to increase legibility of informational kiosk : a case study and prototype

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4343635

THINGS+: New norms and metadata for the THINGS database of 1,854 object concepts and 26,107 natural object images

To study visual object processing, the need for well-curated object concepts and images has grown significantly over the past years. To address this we have previously developed THINGS (Hebart et al., 2019), a large-scale database of 1,854 systematically sampled object concepts with 26,107 high-quality naturalistic images of these concepts. With THINGS+ we aim to extend THINGS by adding concept-specific and image-specific norms and metadata. Concept-specific norms were collected for all 1,854 object concepts for the object properties real-world size, manmadeness, preciousness, liveliness, heaviness, naturalness, ability to move, graspability, holdability, ability to be moved, pleasantness, and arousal. Further, we extended high-level categorization to 53 superordinate categories and collected typicality ratings for members of all 53 categories. Image-specific metadata includes measures of nameability and recognizability for objects in all 26,107 images. To this end, we asked participants to provide labels for prominent objects depicted in each of the 26,107 images and measured the alignment with the original object concept. Finally, to present example images in publications without copyright restrictions, we identified one new public domain image per object concept. In this study we demonstrate a high consistency of property (r = 0.92-0.99, M = 0.98, SD = 0.34) and typicality ratings (r = 0.88-0.98; M = 0.96, SD = 0.19), with arousal ratings as the only exception (r = 0.69). Correlations of our data with external norms were moderate to high for object properties (r = 0.44-0.95; M = 0.85, SD = 0.32) and typicality scores (r = 0.72-0.88; M = 0.79, SD = 0.18), again with the lowest validity for arousal (r = 0.30 - 0.52). To summarize, THINGS+ provides a broad, externally-validated extension to existing object norms and an important extension to THINGS as a general resource of object concepts, images, and category memberships. Our norms, metadata, and images provide a detailed selection of stimuli and control variables for a wide range of research interested in object processing and semantic memory