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    κ°œλ³„ 이온 및 μž‘λ¬Ό μƒμœ‘ μ„Όμ‹± 기반의 μ •λ°€ 수경재배 μ–‘μ•‘ 관리 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 농업생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ‹œμŠ€ν…œΒ·μ†Œμž¬ν•™λΆ€(λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³΅ν•™), 2020. 8. 김학진.In current closed hydroponics, the nutrient solution monitoring and replenishment are conducted based on the electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, and the fertigation is carried out with the constant time without considering the plant status. However, the EC-based management is unable to detect the dynamic changes in the individual nutrient ion concentrations so the ion imbalance occurs during the iterative replenishment, thereby leading to the frequent discard of the nutrient solution. The constant time-based fertigation inevitably induces over- or under-supply of the nutrient solution for the growing plants. The approaches are two of the main causes of decreasing water and nutrient use efficiencies in closed hydroponics. Regarding the issues, the precision nutrient solution management that variably controls the fertigation volume and corrects the deficient nutrient ions individually would allow both improved efficiencies of fertilizer and water use and increased lifespan of the nutrient solution. The objectives of this study were to establish the precision nutrient solution management system that can automatically and variably control the fertigation volume based on the plant-growth information and supply the individual nutrient fertilizers in appropriate amounts to reach the optimal compositions as nutrient solutions for growing plants. To achieve the goal, the sensing technologies for the varying requirements of water and nutrients were investigated and validated. Firstly, an on-the-go monitoring system was constructed to monitor the lettuces grown under the closed hydroponics based on the nutrient film technique for the entire bed. The region of the lettuces was segmented by the excess green (ExG) and Otsu method to obtain the canopy cover (CC). The feasibility of the image processing for assessing the canopy (CC) was validated by comparing the computed CC values with the manually analyzed CC values. From the validation, it was confirmed the image monitoring and processing for the CC measurements were feasible for the lettuces before harvest. Then, a transpiration rate model using the modified Penman-Monteith equation was fitted based on the obtained CC, radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity to estimate the water need of the growing lettuces. Regarding the individual ion concentration measurements, two-point normalization, artificial neural network, and a hybrid signal processing consisting of the two-point normalization and artificial neural network were compared to select an effective method for the ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) application in continuous and autonomous monitoring of ions in hydroponic solutions. The hybrid signal processing showed the most accuracy in sample measurements, but the vulnerability to the sensor malfunction made the two-point normalization method with the most precision would be appropriate for the long-term monitoring of the nutrient solution. In order to determine the optimal injection amounts of the fertilizer salts and water for the given target individual ion concentrations, a decision tree-based dosing algorithm was designed. The feasibility of the dosing algorithm was validated with the stepwise and varying target focusing replenishments. From the results, the ion-specific replenishments formulated the compositions of the nutrient solution successfully according to the given target values. Finally, the proposed sensing and control techniques were integrated to implement the precision nutrient solution management, and the performance was verified by a closed lettuce cultivation test. From the application test, the fertigation volume was reduced by 57.4% and the growth of the lettuces was promoted in comparison with the constant timer-based fertigation strategy. Furthermore, the system successfully maintained the nutrient balance in the recycled solution during the cultivation with the coefficients of variance of 4.9%, 1.4%, 3.2%, 5.2%, and 14.9%, which were generally less than the EC-based replenishment with the CVs of 6.9%, 4.9%, 23.7%, 8.6%, and 8.3% for the NO3, K, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations, respectively. These results implied the developed precision nutrient solution management system could provide more efficient supply and management of water and nutrients than the conventional methods, thereby allowing more improved water and nutrient use efficiencies and crop productivity.ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μˆœν™˜μ‹ 수경재배 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—μ„œ μ–‘μ•‘μ˜ 뢄석과 보좩은 전기전도도 (EC, electrical conductivity) 및 pHλ₯Ό 기반으둜 μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜κ³  있으며, μ–‘μ•‘μ˜ 곡급은 μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ μƒμœ‘ μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³ λ € 없이 항상 μΌμ •ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ νŽŒν”„κ°€ λ™μž‘ν•˜μ—¬ κ³΅κΈ‰λ˜λŠ” ν˜•νƒœμ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ EC 기반의 μ–‘μ•‘ κ΄€λ¦¬λŠ” κ°œλ³„ 이온 λ†λ„μ˜ 동적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 감지할 수 μ—†μ–΄ λ°˜λ³΅λ˜λŠ” 보좩 쀑 λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ΄ λ°œμƒν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ μ–‘μ•‘μ˜ 폐기λ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ©°, κ³ μ •λœ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆμ˜ μ–‘μ•‘ 곡급은 μž‘λ¬Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ³Όμž‰ λ˜λŠ” λΆˆμΆ©λΆ„ν•œ λ¬Ό κ³΅κΈ‰μœΌλ‘œ 이어져 λ¬Ό μ‚¬μš© 효율의 μ €ν•˜λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¨λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄, κ°œλ³„ 이온 농도에 λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ μ„±λΆ„λ§Œμ„ μ„ νƒμ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μΆ©ν•˜κ³ , μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ μƒμœ‘ 정도에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ ν•„μš”ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μ— 맞게 양앑을 κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” μ •λ°€ 농업에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ μ–‘μ•‘ 관리λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λ©΄ λ¬Όκ³Ό λΉ„λ£Œ μ‚¬μš© 효율의 ν–₯상과 μ–‘μ•‘μ˜ μž¬μ‚¬μš© κΈ°κ°„ 증진을 κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μžλ™μœΌλ‘œ, 그리고 κ°€λ³€μ μœΌλ‘œ μž‘λ¬Ό μƒμœ‘ 정보에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ–‘μ•‘ κ³΅κΈ‰λŸ‰μ„ μ œμ–΄ν•˜κ³ , μž‘λ¬Ό 생μž₯에 μ ν•©ν•œ 쑰성에 맞게 ν˜„μž¬ μ–‘μ•‘μ˜ 이온 농도 센싱에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ μ ˆν•œ μˆ˜μ€€λ§ŒνΌμ˜ λ¬Όκ³Ό κ°œλ³„ μ–‘λΆ„ λΉ„λ£Œλ₯Ό 보좩할 수 μžˆλŠ” μ •λ°€ 수경재배 μ–‘μ•‘ 관리 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. ν•΄λ‹Ή λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, λ³€μ΄ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Όκ³Ό μ–‘λΆ„ μš”κ΅¬λŸ‰μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  각 λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 검증을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, μž‘λ¬Όμ˜ λ¬Ό μš”κ΅¬λŸ‰μ„ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ˜μƒ 기반 μΈ‘μ • κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ˜μƒ 기반 뢄석 ν™œμš©μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 박막경 기반의 μˆœν™˜μ‹ 수경재배 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μžλΌλŠ” μƒμΆ”μ˜ 이미지듀을 전체 λ² λ“œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ˜μƒ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μˆ˜μ§‘ν•œ μ˜μƒ 쀑 상좔 λΆ€λΆ„λ§Œμ„ excess green (ExG)κ³Ό Otsu 방법을 톡해 λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ νˆ¬μ˜μž‘λ¬Όλ©΄μ  (CC, canopy cover)을 νšλ“ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ˜μƒ 처리 기술의 μ μš©μ„± 평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 직접 λΆ„μ„ν•œ νˆ¬μ˜μž‘λ¬Όλ©΄μ  κ°’κ³Ό 이λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 비ꡐ 검증 κ²°κ³Όμ—μ„œ νˆ¬μ˜μž‘λ¬Όλ©΄μ  츑정을 μœ„ν•œ μ˜μƒ μˆ˜μ§‘ 및 뢄석이 μˆ˜ν™• μ „κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 상좔에 λŒ€ν•΄ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯함을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이후 μˆ˜μ§‘ν•œ νˆ¬μ˜μž‘λ¬Όλ©΄μ κ³Ό 기온, μƒλŒ€μŠ΅λ„, μΌμ‚¬λŸ‰μ„ 기반으둜 μƒμœ‘ 쀑인 상좔듀이 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 물의 양을 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ Penman-Monteith 방정식 기반의 μ¦μ‚°λŸ‰ 예츑 λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ‹€μ œ μ¦μ‚°λŸ‰κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ 높은 μΌμΉ˜λ„λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ°œλ³„ 이온 농도 μΈ‘μ •κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬μ„œλŠ”, μ΄μ˜¨μ„ νƒμ„±μ „κ·Ή (ISE, ion-selective electrode)λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 수경재배 μ–‘μ•‘ λ‚΄ 이온의 연속적이고 자율적인 λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ μˆ˜ν–‰μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 2점 μ •κ·œν™”, 인곡신경망, 그리고 이 λ‘˜μ„ λ³΅ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±ν•œ ν•˜μ΄λΈŒλ¦¬λ“œ μ‹ ν˜Έ 처리 κΈ°λ²•μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, ν•˜μ΄λΈŒλ¦¬λ“œ μ‹ ν˜Έ 처리 방식이 κ°€μž₯ 높은 정확성을 λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜, μ„Όμ„œ κ³ μž₯에 μ·¨μ•½ν•œ 신경망 ꡬ쑰둜 인해 μž₯κΈ°κ°„ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ” κ°€μž₯ 높은 정밀도λ₯Ό 가진 2점 μ •κ·œν™” 방식을 μ„Όμ„œ μ–΄λ ˆμ΄μ— μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이 적합할 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 주어진 κ°œλ³„ 이온 농도 λͺ©ν‘œκ°’에 λ§žλŠ” λΉ„λ£Œ μ—Ό 및 물의 졜적 μ£Όμž…λŸ‰μ„ κ²°μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •νŠΈλ¦¬ ꡬ쑰의 λΉ„λ£Œ νˆ¬μž… μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ œμ‹œν•œ λΉ„λ£Œ νˆ¬μž… μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ˜ νš¨κ³Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 순차적인 λͺ©ν‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 보좩 및 νŠΉμ • 성뢄에 λŒ€ν•΄ 집쀑적인 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•œ 보좩 μˆ˜ν–‰ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ 톡해 κ²€μ¦ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μ œμ‹œν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ€ 주어진 λͺ©ν‘œκ°’듀에 따라 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 양앑을 μ‘°μ„±ν•˜μ˜€μŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μ œμ‹œλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μ„Όμ‹± 및 μ œμ–΄ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ„ ν†΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ NFT 기반의 μˆœν™˜μ‹ 수경재배 λ°°λ“œμ— 상좔 재배λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 싀증 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ, μ’…λž˜μ˜ κ³ μ • μ‹œκ°„ μ–‘μ•‘ 곡급 λŒ€λΉ„ 57.4%의 μ–‘μ•‘ κ³΅κΈ‰λŸ‰ κ°μ†Œμ™€ 상좔 μƒμœ‘μ˜ 촉진을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ™μ‹œμ—, 개발 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€ NO3, K, Ca, Mg, 그리고 P에 λŒ€ν•΄ 각각 4.9%, 1.4%, 3.2%, 5.2%, 그리고 14.9% μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ λ³€λ™κ³„μˆ˜ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ 보여 EC기반 보좩 λ°©μ‹μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ λ³€λ™κ³„μˆ˜ 6.9%, 4.9%, 23.7%, 8.6%, 그리고 8.3%보닀 λŒ€μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ μš°μˆ˜ν•œ 이온 κ· ν˜• μœ μ§€ μ„±λŠ₯을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 결과듀을 톡해 개발 μ •λ°€ κ΄€λΉ„ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ 기쑴보닀 효율적인 μ–‘μ•‘μ˜ 곡급과 관리λ₯Ό 톡해 μ–‘μ•‘ 이용 νš¨μœ¨μ„±κ³Ό μƒμ‚°μ„±μ˜ 증진에 κΈ°μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νŒλ‹¨λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 1 Nutrient Imbalance 2 Fertigation Scheduling 3 OBJECTIVES 7 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION 8 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 VARIABILITY OF NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN HYDROPONICS 10 LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT IN CLOSED HYDROPONIC SYSTEM 11 ION-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT IN CLOSED HYDROPONICS 13 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR PLANT MONITORING 17 FERTIGATION CONTROL METHODS BASED ON REMOTE SENSING 19 CHAPTER 3. ON-THE-GO CROP MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATION OF THE CROP WATER NEED 21 ABSTRACT 21 INTRODUCTION 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Hydroponic Growth Chamber 23 Construction of an On-the-go Crop Monitoring System 25 Image Processing for Canopy Cover Estimation 29 Evaluation of the CC Calculation Performance 32 Estimation Model for Transpiration Rate 32 Determination of the Parameters of the Transpiration Rate Model 33 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 Performance of the CC Measurement by the Image Monitoring System 35 Plant Growth Monitoring in Closed Hydroponics 39 Evaluation of the Crop Water Need Estimation 42 CONCLUSIONS 46 CHAPTER 4. HYBRID SIGNAL-PROCESSING METHOD BASED ON NEURAL NETWORK FOR PREDICTION OF NO3, K, CA, AND MG IONS IN HYDROPONIC SOLUTIONS USING AN ARRAY OF ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES 48 ABSTRACT 48 INTRODUCTION 49 MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 Preparation of the Sensor Array 52 Construction and Evaluation of Data-Processing Methods 53 Preparation of Samples 57 Procedure of Sample Measurements 59 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63 Determination of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Structure 63 Evaluation of the Processing Methods in Training Samples 64 Application of the Processing Methods in Real Hydroponic Samples 67 CONCLUSIONS 72 CHAPTER 5. DECISION TREE-BASED ION-SPECIFIC NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM FOR CLOSED HYDROPONICS 74 ABSTRACT 74 INTRODUCTION 75 MATERIALS AND METHODS 77 Decision Tree-based Dosing Algorithm 77 Development of an Ion-Specific Nutrient Management System 82 Implementation of Ion-Specific Nutrient Management with Closed-Loop Control 87 System Validation Tests 89 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 91 Five-stepwise Replenishment Test 91 Replenishment Test Focused on The Ca 97 CONCLUSIONS 99 CHAPTER 6. ION-SPECIFIC AND CROP GROWTH SENSING BASED NUTRIENT SOLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CLOSED HYDROPONICS 101 ABSTRACT 101 INTRODUCTION 102 MATERIALS AND METHODS 103 System Integration 103 Implementation of the Precision Nutrient Solution Management System 106 Application of the Precision Nutrient Solution Management System to Closed Lettuce Soilless Cultivation 112 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 113 Evaluation of the Plant Growth-based Fertigation in the Closed Lettuce Cultivation 113 Evaluation of the Ion-Specific Management in the Closed Lettuce Cultivation 118 CONCLUSIONS 128 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS 130 CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY 130 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY 134 LIST OF REFERENCES 136 APPENDIX 146 A1. Python Code for Controlling the Image Monitoring and CC Calculation 146 A2. Ion Concentrations of the Solutions used in Chapter 4 (Unit: mgβˆ™Lβˆ’1) 149 A3. Block Diagrams of the LabVIEW Program used in Chapter 4 150 A4. Ion Concentrations of the Solutions used in Chapters 5 and 6 (Unit: mgβˆ™Lβˆ’1) 154 A5. Block Diagrams of the LabVIEW Program used in the Chapters 5 and 6 155 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 160Docto
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