Temperature profile control of a multiple hearth furnace for kaolin calcination

The main aim of this thesis is to develop a new temperature profile control strategy for kaolin calcination in the multiple hearth furnace (MHF) in order to improve the quality of the product. The overall control strategy for the MHF is developed as a three level control hierarchy: optimizing level, stabilizing level, and basic level. In the literature part of the thesis, first, the kaolin and its formation process is discussed. Next, the general information about calcination process is provided and the calcination of kaolin is discussed. Finally, few past researches having similar objective to this study are reviewed to study the various different control approaches developed so far and the possibility to implement them in our study. In the experimental part, analysis of the process is carried using the experimental data. During the data analysis, activation/ deactivation of the exothermic reaction in the hearth 4 is seen, which is crucial in determining the temperature profile of the furnace. Hence, the soft sensor based on the energy balance to estimate the intensity of the exothermic reaction, which plays a key role in developing the control strategy for the MHF, is developed. Both the static and dynamic energy balance equations are presented, calculated and compared in order to study the dynamic behaviour in the process. It is seen that the dynamic energy balance provides more accurate results than the static energy balance due to the consideration of the transition period

브라질 카슈아나 국립공원에서의 인공적 생물군계 형성이 토양과 식생 구조에 미친 영향에 대한 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :인문대학 고고미술사학과(고고학전공),2019. 8. David K. Wright.Amazonia has drawn the interest of researchers over the last few decades as a region where people modified their surrounding environment to sustain themselves. The process of modification is now known as landscape domestication, and historical ecology was developed based on this idea. Among the several major issues surrounding the landscape domestication of pre-Columbian Amazonians, the scale of landscape domestication is an important issue that is connected with other major problems in the history of Amazonia. To explore the scale of the pre-Columbian landscape domestication, several researchers focused on developing methods to calibrate landscape domestication by interpreting the modern landscape of Amazonia. This thesis presents regional research in the Caxiuanã National Forest (FNC) to provide a method to trace and calibrate pre-Columbian landscape domestication and understand how landscape domestication activities resulted in the creation of an anthropogenic biome (anthrome). With the data collected from the FNC and satellite images, the relationship between landscape domestication and soil, the link between soils and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the correlation between landscape domestication and EVI are explored. The data are interpreted as indicating that (1) pedogenesis and pedoturbation are affected by landscape domestication; (2) soil properties affect the EVI values; (3) pre-Columbian landscape domestication has a positive correlation with the EVI values. The data also exhibit that the mutual and persistent interaction between humans and their surrounding environment ultimately led to the creation of anthromes, which significantly contributed to the formation of the modern landscape of Amazonia.아마조니아는 과거 사람들이 생존을 위해 환경을 변화시킨 지역의 대표적인 사례로서 지난 수십년간 연구자들의 주목을 받았다. 인간에 의한 환경 변화의 과정은 오늘날 경관 개변이라는 개념으로 정리되었으며, 이 경관 개변의 개념에 바탕을 두고 역사생태학이 정립되었다. 유럽인들의 도래 이전에 아마조니아에 거주하던 사람들의 경관 개변 활동과 관련된 여러 문제들 중 경관 개변의 규모에 대한 문제는 아마조니아의 역사에 대한 여러 문제들과 연결된 중요한 주제다. 경관 개변의 규모를 연구하기 위해서 여러 연구자들은 현대의 경관을 해석하는 것을 통해 경관 개변의 규모를 측정할 수 있는 방법론을 개발하는 것에 주목하였다. 이 논문은 유럽인들의 도래 이전의 아마조니아에 거주하던 사람들의 경관 개변 활동을 추적하고 측정하며, 경관 개변 활동이 어떻게 인공적 생태군계(앤스롬)의 형성으로 이어졌는지 이해할 수 있는 연구방법론을 제시하기 위해 카슈아나 국립공원에서 진행된 지역적 연구의 결과를 제시한다. 카슈아나 국립공원과 위성사진을 통해서 얻은 자료를 바탕으로 하여 경관 개변과 토양의 관계, 토양과 개량식생지수(EVI) 사이의 관계, 그리고 경관 개변과 개량식생지수 사이의 관계가 제시될 것이다. 연구의 결과 (1) 토양 형성과 토양의 교란 활동은 경관 개변에 의해 영향을 받는다는 것, (2) 개량식생지수가 토양의 속성에 영향을 받는다는 것, 그리고 (3) 경관 개변 활동의 여부가 개량식생지수와 상관관계를 가진다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 과거 인간들과 환경 사이의 상호적이고 지속적인 상호작용이 앤스롬이 형성되도록 하였고, 이러한 앤스롬의 형성은 현대의 아마조니아의 경관을 형성하는데 중요한 역할을 했다는 것이 제시될 것이다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Background 7 2.1. Historical Ecology, Landscape Domestication and Anthrome Formation 7 2.2. Anthrome Construction in Pre-Columbian Amazonia 11 2.3. Exploring Past Human Activities through Soil in Amazonia 19 2.4. Utilizing Vegetation Indices to Trace and Calibrate Pre-Columbian Landscape Domestication 21 Chapter 3. Materials and Methods 24 3.1. Selecting the Research Area 24 3.2. Testing the Effect of Landscape Domestication on Soils Using OSL 33 3.3. Testing the Effect of Soil on EVI 39 3.4. Examining the Relationship between Landscape Domestication and EVI 43 3.5. Assessing the Contribution of Landscape Domestication to the Creation of Anthrome 48 Chapter 4. Results 51 4.1. Results of OSL 51 4.2. Results of ANOVA using Soil Class and EVI 54 4.3. The Models and Comparisons with Previously Reported Sites 55 4.4. Assessment of the Effects of Modern Human Activities on EVI 60 4.5. Results of Pedestrian Surveys and Soil Profiling 62 4.6. Archaeological Excavations in Ibama and Forte 70 4.7. Results of the Radiocarbon Dating 75 Chapter 5. Discussion 76 Chapter 6. Conclusion 85 Bibliography 89 국문초록 106Maste

Semiconducting polymers for gas detection

Conjugated polyenes, and polyesters containing phthalocyanine in their backbone, were synthesized. These polymers were characterized by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, spectral analysis, and X-ray diffraction studies for crystallinity, as well as for their film-forming capability and gas/polymer interactions. Most of the polymers were relatively insensitive to water vapor up to 50 percent relative humidity, but the polyester/phthalocyanine (iron) polymer was relatively insensitive up to 100 percent RH. On the other hand, poly(p-dimethylaminophenylacetylene) was too conductive at 100 percent RH. Of the gases tested, the only ones that gave any evidence of interacting with the polymers were SO2, NOx, HCN and NH3. Poly(imidazole)/thiophene responded to each of these gases at all relative humidities, while the other polymers gave varying response, depending upon the RH. Thus, since most of these gases were electron-accepting, the electron-donating character of poly(imidazole)/thiophene substantiates the concept of electronegativity being the operating principle for interaction effects. Of the six polymers prepared, poly(imidazole)/thiophene first showed a very good response to smoldering cotton, but it later became nonresponsive; presumably due to oxidation effects

A voltage and current measurement dataset for plug load appliance identification in households

This paper presents the Plug-Load Appliance Identification Dataset (PLAID), a labelled dataset containing records of the electrical voltage and current of domestic electrical appliances obtained at a high sampling frequency (30 kHz). The dataset contains 1876 records of individually-metered appliances from 17 different appliance types (e.g., refrigerators, microwave ovens, etc.) comprising 330 different makes and models, and collected at 65 different locations in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (USA). Additionally, PLAID contains 1314 records of the combined operation of 13 of these appliance types (i.e., measurements obtained when multiple appliances were active simultaneously). Identifying electrical appliances based on electrical measurements is of importance in demand-side management applications for the electrical power grid including automated load control, load scheduling and non-intrusive load monitoring. This paper provides a systematic description of the measurement setup and dataset so that it can be used to develop and benchmark new methods in these and other applications, and so that extensions to it can be developed and incorporated in a consistent manner

NASA patent abstracts bibliography: A continuing bibliography. Section 1: Abstracts (supplement 14)

Abstracts are cited for 213 patents and applications for patent introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system during the period of July 1978 through December 1978. Each entry consists of a citation, an abstract, and in most cases, a key illustration selected from the patent or application for patent

A particle astrophysics magnet facility: ASTROMAG

The primary scientific objectives of ASTROMAG are to: examine cosmological models by searching for antimatter and dark matter candidates; study the origin and evolution of matter in the galaxy by direct sampling of galactic matter; and study the origin and acceleration of the relativistic particle plasma in the galaxy and its effects on the dynamics and evolution of the galaxy. These general scientific objectives will be met by ASTROMAG with particle detection instruments designed to make the following observations: search, for anti-nuclei of helium and heavier element; measure the spectra of anti-protons and positrons; measure the isotopic composition of cosmic ray nuclei at energies of several GeV/amu; and measure the energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei to very high energies

The comparative evaluation of ERTS-1 imagery for resource inventory in land use planning

The author has identified the following significant results. Multidiscipline team interpretation and mapping of resources for Crook County is complete on 1:250,000 scale enlargements of ERTS imagery and 1:120,000 hi-flight photography. Maps of geology, soils, vegetation-land use and land resources units were interpreted to show limitations, suitabilities, and geologic hazards for land use planning. Mapping of lineaments and structures from ERTS imagery has shown a number of features not previously mapped in Oregon. A multistage timber inventory of Ochoco National Forest was made, using ERTS images as the first stage. Inventory of forest clear-cutting practices was successfully demonstrated with color composites. Soil tonal differences in fallow fields correspond with major soil boundaries in loess-mantled terrain. A digital classification system used for discriminating natural vegetation and geologic material classes was successful in separating most major classes around Newberry Caldera, Mt. Washington, and Big Summit Prairie

Earth's mysterious atmosphere. ATLAS 1: Teachers guide with activities

One of our mission's primary goals is to better understand the physics and chemistry of our atmosphere, the thin envelope of air that provides for human life and shields us from the harshness of space. The Space Shuttle Atlantis will carry the ATLAS 1 science instruments 296 km above Earth, so that they can look down into and through the various layers of the atmosphere. Five solar radiometers will precisely measure the amount of energy the Sun injects into Earth's environment. The chemistry at different altitudes will be measured very accurately by five other instruments called spectrometers. Much of our time in the cockpit of Atlantis will be devoted to two very exciting instruments that measure the auroras and the atmosphere's electrical characteristics. Finally, our ultraviolet telescope will probe the secrets of fascinating celestial objects. This Teacher's Guide is designed as a detective story to help you appreciate some of the many questions currently studied by scientists around the world. Many complex factors affect our atmosphere today, possibly even changing the course of global climate. All of us who live on Earth must recognize that we play an ever-growing role in causing some of these changes. We must solve this great atmospheric mystery if we are to understand all these changes and know what to do about them

Impact reactivity of materials at very high oxygen pressure

The requirements for impact testing of materials in an oxygen atmosphere at pressures from 82.7 MPa (12,000 psi) to 172 MPa (25,000 psi) were evaluated. The impact tester system was evaluated for potential pressure increases from 69 MPa (10,000 psi) to 82.7 MPa (12,000 psi). The low pressure oxygen and nitrogen systems, the impact tower, the impact test cell, and the high pressure oxygen system were evaluated individually. Although the structural integrity of the impact test cell and the compressor were sufficient for operation at 82.7 MPa (12,000 psi), studies revealed possible material incompatibility at that pressure and above. It was recommended that if a component should be replaced for 82.7 MPa (12,000 psi) operation the replacement should meet the final objectives of 172 MPa (25,000 psi). Recommended changes in the system include; use of Monel 400 for pressures above 82.7 MPa (12,000 psi), use of bellows to replace the seal in the impact tester, use of a sapphire window attached to a fiber optic for event sensing, and use of a three diaphragm compressor