Distracted Walking

Throughout the United States and across the world, cities are enacting bans on distracted walking. These bans target cell phone users who cross the street while using a telephone. Doing so in certain cities may result in a fine, community service, or even jail. Drawing inspiration from municipalities, lawmakers in several states have proposed similar statewide legislation. Pushback against these measures is rare-as many people have either directly, or indirectly, experienced the slow and oblivious behavior of smartphone zombies. This Article surveys these laws and demonstrates that the science is, at best, mixed on whether device usage results in distraction significant enough to put pedestrians at risk. Studies of pedestrian deaths and injuries suggest that pedestrian distraction plays a minimal role in pedestrian injuries. And those who are most at risk of serious death or injury-elderly pedestrians-are barely mentioned in debates over distracted walking bans. This Article argues that these distracted walking prohibitions are not only poor traffic policy, but also exemplify a trend of blaming pedestrians for deaths and injuries caused by drivers. What\u27s more, by criminalizing common behavior, these bans create a further opportunity for selective enforcement by the police. Those most likely to suffer the penalties from distracted walking prohibitions are racial minorities and others living in areas deemed high crime. Distracted walking bans, therefore, contribute to selective enforcement of criminal law and burden the most disadvantaged members of society with additional fines and penalties. Distracted walking bans have never been addressed in academic legal scholarship. They are barely examined or criticized when they are proposed—instead attracting widespread media attention for their quirkiness. But odd little crimes like these can have significant negative impact on people’s lives, fail to help those who they are meant to aid, and implicate wider systemic injustices in the legal system. It is, therefore, worthwhile to examine these overlooked laws more closely, consider less burdensome and more effective alternatives, and realize that perhaps many other similar, neglected infractions are deserving of similar critique and attention

Distracted Walking

Throughout the United States and across the world, cities are enacting bans on distracted walking. These bans target cell phone users who cross the street while using a telephone. Doing so in certain cities may result in a fine, community service, or even jail. Drawing inspiration from municipalities, lawmakers in several states have proposed similar statewide legislation. Pushback against these measures is rare-as many people have either directly, or indirectly, experienced the slow and oblivious behavior of smartphone zombies. This Article surveys these laws and demonstrates that the science is, at best, mixed on whether device usage results in distraction significant enough to put pedestrians at risk. Studies of pedestrian deaths and injuries suggest that pedestrian distraction plays a minimal role in pedestrian injuries. And those who are most at risk of serious death or injury-elderly pedestrians-are barely mentioned in debates over distracted walking bans. This Article argues that these distracted walking prohibitions are not only poor traffic policy, but also exemplify a trend of blaming pedestrians for deaths and injuries caused by drivers. What\u27s more, by criminalizing common behavior, these bans create a further opportunity for selective enforcement by the police. Those most likely to suffer the penalties from distracted walking prohibitions are racial minorities and others living in areas deemed high crime. Distracted walking bans, therefore, contribute to selective enforcement of criminal law and burden the most disadvantaged members of society with additional fines and penalties. Distracted walking bans have never been addressed in academic legal scholarship. They are barely examined or criticized when they are proposed—instead attracting widespread media attention for their quirkiness. But odd little crimes like these can have significant negative impact on people’s lives, fail to help those who they are meant to aid, and implicate wider systemic injustices in the legal system. It is, therefore, worthwhile to examine these overlooked laws more closely, consider less burdensome and more effective alternatives, and realize that perhaps many other similar, neglected infractions are deserving of similar critique and attention

Big Data in Bicycle Traffic: A user-oriented guide to the use of smartphone-generated bicycle traffic data

For cycling to be attractive, the infrastructure must be of high quality. Due to the high level of resources required to record it locally, the available data on the volume of cycling traffic has to date been patchy. At the moment, the most reliable and usable numbers seem to be derived from permanently installed automatic cycling traffic counters, already used by many local authorities. One disadvantage of these is that the number of data collection points is generally far too low to cover the entirety of a city or other municipality in a way that achieves truly meaningful results. The effect of side roads on cycling traffic is therefore only incompletely assessed. Furthermore, there is usually no data at all on other parameters, such as waiting times, route choices and cyclists’ speed. This gap might in future be filled by methods such as GPS route data, as is now possible by today’s widespread use of smartphones and the relevant tracking apps. The results of the project presented in this guide have been supported by the BMVI [Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure] within the framework of its 2020 National Cycling Plan. This research project seeks to investigate the usability of user data generated using a smartphone app for bicycle traffic planning by local authorities. In summary, it can be stated that, taking into account the factors described in this guide, GPS data are usable for bicycle traffic planning within certain limitations. (The GPS data evaluated in this case were provided by Strava Inc.) Nowadays it is already possible to assess where, when and how cyclists are moving around across the entire network. The data generated by the smartphone app could be most useful to local authorities as a supplement to existing permanent traffic counters. However, there are a few aspects that need to be considered when evaluating and interpreting the data, such as the rather fitness-oriented context of the routes surveyed in the examples examined. Moreover, some of the data is still provided as database or GIS files, although some online templates that are easier to use are being set up, and some can already be used in a basic initial form. This means that evaluation and interpretation still require specialist expertise as well as human resources. However, the need for these is expected to reduce in the future with the further development of web interfaces and supporting evaluation templates. For this to work, developers need to collaborate with local authorities to work out what parameters are needed as well as the most suitable formats. This research project carried out an approach to extrapolating cycling traffic volumes from random samples of GPS data over the whole network. This was also successfully verified in another municipality. Further research is still nevertheless required in the future, as well as adaptation to the needs of different localities. Evidence for the usability of GPS data in practice still needs to be acquired in the near future. The cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Mainz could be taken as examples for this, as they have all already taken their first steps in the use of GPS data in planning for and supporting cycling. These steps make sense in the light of the increasing digitisation of traffic and transport and the growing amount of data available as a result – despite the limitations on these data to date – so that administrative bodies can start early in building up the appropriate skills among their staff. The use of GPS data would yield benefits for bicycle traffic planning in the long run. In addition, the active involvement of cyclists opens up new possibilities in communication and citizen participation – even without requiring specialist knowledge. This guide delivers a practical introduction to the topic, giving a comprehensive overview of the opportunities, obstacles and potential offered by GPS data

International Cycling Safety Conference - Book of abstracts

The present document compiles the abstracts submitted to the International Cycling Safety Conference that took place in Bologna from the 2nd to 4th of November, 2016. The topics of the submissions range from infrastructural and technological, to cognitive and behavioral issues related to cycling safety

International Cycling Safety Conference - Book of abstracts

The present document compiles the abstracts submitted to the International Cycling Safety Conference that took place in Bologna from the 2nd to 4th of November, 2016. The topics of the submissions range from infrastructural and technological, to cognitive and behavioral issues related to cycling safety

Development and Performance Evaluation of Urban Mobility Applications and Services

L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen