2,767,519 research outputs found
Small-scale solar magnetic fields
As we resolve ever smaller structures in the solar atmosphere, it has become
clear that magnetism is an important component of those small structures.
Small-scale magnetism holds the key to many poorly understood facets of solar
magnetism on all scales, such as the existence of a local dynamo, chromospheric
heating, and flux emergence, to name a few. Here, we review our knowledge of
small-scale photospheric fields, with particular emphasis on quiet-sun field,
and discuss the implications of several results obtained recently using new
instruments, as well as future prospects in this field of research.Comment: 43 pages, 18 figure
Quantum MDS Codes over Small Fields
We consider quantum MDS (QMDS) codes for quantum systems of dimension
with lengths up to and minimum distances up to . We show how
starting from QMDS codes of length based on cyclic and constacyclic
codes, new QMDS codes can be obtained by shortening. We provide numerical
evidence for our conjecture that almost all admissible lengths, from a lower
bound on, are achievable by shortening. Some additional codes that
fill gaps in the list of achievable lengths are presented as well along with a
construction of a family of QMDS codes of length , where , that
appears to be new.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Jet Collimation by Small-Scale Magnetic Fields
A popular model for jet collimation is associated with the presence of a
large-scale and predominantly toroidal magnetic field originating from the
central engine (a star, a black hole, or an accretion disk). Besides the
problem of how such a large-scale magnetic field is generated, in this model
the jet suffers from the fatal long-wave mode kink magnetohydrodynamic
instability. In this paper we explore an alternative model: jet collimation by
small-scale magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are assumed to be local,
chaotic, tangled, but are dominated by toroidal components. Just as in the case
of a large-scale toroidal magnetic field, we show that the ``hoop stress'' of
the tangled toroidal magnetic fields exerts an inward force which confines and
collimates the jet. The magnetic ``hoop stress'' is balanced either by the gas
pressure of the jet, or by the centrifugal force if the jet is spinning. Since
the length-scale of the magnetic field is small (< the cross-sectional radius
of the jet << the length of the jet), in this model the jet does not suffer
from the long-wave mode kink instability. Many other problems associated with
the large-scale magnetic field are also eliminated or alleviated for
small-scale magnetic fields. Though it remains an open question how to generate
and maintain the required small-scale magnetic fields in a jet, the scenario of
jet collimation by small-scale magnetic fields is favored by the current study
on disk dynamo which indicates that small-scale magnetic fields are much easier
to generate than large-scale magnetic fields.Comment: 14 pages, no figur
Large jets from small-scale magnetic fields
We consider the conditions under which a rotating magnetic object can produce
a magnetically powered outflow in an initially unmagnetized medium stratified
under gravity. 3D MHD simulations are presented in which the footpoints of
localized, arcade-shaped magnetic fields are put into rotation. It is shown how
the effectiveness in producing a collimated magnetically powered outflow
depends on the rotation rate, the strength and the geometry of the field. The
flows produced by uniformly rotating, non-axisymmetric fields are found to
consist mainly of buoyant plumes heated by dissipation of rotational energy.
Collimated magnetically powered flows are formed if the field and the rotating
surface are arranged such that a toroidal magnetic field is produced. This
requires a differential rotation of the arcades' footpoints. Such jets are
well-collimated; we follow their propagation through the stratified atmosphere
over 100 times the source size. The magnetic field is tightly wound and its
propagation is dominated by the development of non-axisymmetric instabilities.
We observe a Poynting flux conversion efficiency of over 75% in the longest
simulations. Applications to the collapsar model and protostellar jets are
discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A, complementary
movies at http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~rmo/pap3/index.htm
Curves of genus 3 over small finite fields
We present a table containing the maximal number of rational points on a
genus 3 curve over a field of cardinality q, for all q<100. Also, some remarks
on Frobenius non-classical quartics over finite fields are given.Comment: 9 page
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