Cyberbullying detection: Current trends and future directions

As we see the rapid growth of Web 2.0; online social networks-OSNs and online communications which provides platforms to connect each other all over the world and express the opinion and interests. Online users are generating big amount of data every day. As result, OSNs are providing opportunities for cybercrime and cyberbullying activities. Cyberbullying is online harassing, humiliating or insulting an online user through sending text messages of threatening or harassing using online tool of communication. This research paper provides the comprehensive overview of cyberbullying that occurs usually on OSNs websites and provides current approaches to tackle cyberbullying on OSNs. It also highlights the issues and challenges in cyberbullying detection system and outline the future direction for research in this area. The topic discussed in this paper start with introduction of OSNs, cyberbullying, types of cyberbullying, and data accessibility is reviewed. Lastly, issues and challenges concerning cyberbullying detection are highlighted

How many cyberbullying(s)? A non-unitary perspective for offensive online behaviours

Research has usually considered cyberbullying as a unitary phenomenon. Thus, it has been neglected to explore whether the specific online aggressive behaviours relate differentially to demographic features of the perpetrators of online aggressive actions, their personality characteristics, or to the ways in which they interact with the Internet. To bridge this gap, a study was conducted through a questionnaire administered online to 1228 Italian high-school students (Female: 61.1%; 14-15 yo: 48.%; 16-17 yo: 29.1%; 18-20 yo: 20.4%, 21-25 yo: 1.6%; Northern Italy: 4.1%; Central Italy: 59.2%; Southern Italy: 36.4%). The questionnaire, in addition to items about the use of social media, mechanisms of Moral Disengagement and personality characteristics of the participants in the study, also included a scale for the measurement of cyberbullying through the reference to six aggressive behaviours. The results indicate that cyberbullying can be considered as a non-unitary phenomenon in which the different aggressive behaviours can be related to different individual characteristics such as gender, personality traits and the different ways of interacting with social media. Moreover, the existence of two components of cyberbullying has been highlighted, one related to virtual offensive actions directly aimed at a victim, the other to indirect actions, more likely conducted involving bystanders. These findings open important perspectives for understanding, preventing, and mitigating cyberbullying among adolescents

Toxicité et sentiment : comment l'étude des sentiments peut aider la détection de toxicité

La détection automatique de contenu toxique en ligne est un sujet très important aujourd’hui. Les modérateurs ne peuvent filtrer manuellement tous les messages et les utilisateurs trouvent constamment de nouvelles façons de contourner les filtres automatiques. Dans ce mémoire, j’explore l’impact que peut avoir la détection de sentiment pour améliorer trois points importants de la détection automatique de toxicité : détecter le contenu toxique de façon plus exacte ; rendre les filtres plus difficiles à déjouer et prédire les conversations les plus à risque. Les deux premiers points sont étudiés dans un premier article, où l’intuition principale est qu’il est plus difficile pour un utilisateur malveillant de dissimuler le sentiment d’un message que certains mots-clés à risque. Pour tester cette hypothèse, un outil de détection de sentiment est construit, puis il est utilisé pour mesurer la corrélation entre sentiment et toxicité. Par la suite, les résultats de cet outil sont utilisés comme caractéristiques pour entraîner un modèle de détection de toxicité, et le modèle est testé à la fois dans un contexte classique et un contexte où on simule des altérations aux messages faites par un utilisateur tentant de déjouer un filtre de toxicité. La conclusion de ces tests est que les informations de sentiment aident à la détection de toxicité, particulièrement dans un contexte où les messages sont modifiés. Le troisième point est le sujet d’un second article, qui a comme objectif de valider si les sentiments des premiers messages d’une conversation permettent de prédire si elle va dérailler. Le même outil de détection de sentiments est utilisé, en combinaison avec d’autres caractéristiques trouvées dans de précédents travaux dans le domaine. La conclusion est que les sentiments permettent d’améliorer cette tâche également.Automatic toxicity detection of online content is a major research field nowadays. Moderators cannot filter manually all the messages that are posted everyday and users constantly find new ways to circumvent classic filters. In this master’s thesis, I explore the benefits of sentiment detection for three majors challenges of automatic toxicity detection: standard toxicity detection, making filters harder to circumvent, and predicting conversations at high risk of becoming toxic. The two first challenges are studied in the first article. Our main intuition is that it is harder for a malicious user to hide the toxic sentiment of their message than to change a few toxic keywords. To test this hypothesis, a sentiment detection tool is built and used to measure the correlation between sentiment and toxicity. Next, the sentiment is used as features to train a toxicity detection model, and the model is tested in both a classic and a subversive context. The conclusion of those tests is that sentiment information helps toxicity detection, especially when using subversion. The third challenge is the subject of our second paper. The objective of that paper is to validate if the sentiments of the first messages of a conversation can help predict if it will derail into toxicity. The same sentiment detection tool is used, in addition to other features developed in previous related works. Our results show that sentiment does help improve that task as well

A review on deep-learning-based cyberbullying detection

Bullying is described as an undesirable behavior by others that harms an individual physically, mentally, or socially. Cyberbullying is a virtual form (e.g., textual or image) of bullying or harassment, also known as online bullying. Cyberbullying detection is a pressing need in today’s world, as the prevalence of cyberbullying is continually growing, resulting in mental health issues. Conventional machine learning models were previously used to identify cyberbullying. However, current research demonstrates that deep learning surpasses traditional machine learning algorithms in identifying cyberbullying for several reasons, including handling extensive data, efficiently classifying text and images, extracting features automatically through hidden layers, and many others. This paper reviews the existing surveys and identifies the gaps in those studies. We also present a deep-learning-based defense ecosystem for cyberbullying detection, including data representation techniques and different deep-learning-based models and frameworks. We have critically analyzed the existing DL-based cyberbullying detection techniques and identified their significant contributions and the future research directions they have presented. We have also summarized the datasets being used, including the DL architecture being used and the tasks that are accomplished for each dataset. Finally, several challenges faced by the existing researchers and the open issues to be addressed in the future have been presented

Analyzing Granger causality in climate data with time series classification methods

Attribution studies in climate science aim for scientifically ascertaining the influence of climatic variations on natural or anthropogenic factors. Many of those studies adopt the concept of Granger causality to infer statistical cause-effect relationships, while utilizing traditional autoregressive models. In this article, we investigate the potential of state-of-the-art time series classification techniques to enhance causal inference in climate science. We conduct a comparative experimental study of different types of algorithms on a large test suite that comprises a unique collection of datasets from the area of climate-vegetation dynamics. The results indicate that specialized time series classification methods are able to improve existing inference procedures. Substantial differences are observed among the methods that were tested

Cyberbullying in educational context

Kustenmacher and Seiwert (2004) explain a man’s inclination to resort to technology in his interaction with the environment and society. Thus, the solution to the negative consequences of Cyberbullying in a technologically dominated society is represented by technology as part of the technological paradox (Tugui, 2009), in which man has a dual role, both slave and master, in the interaction with it. In this respect, it is noted that, notably after 2010, there have been many attempts to involve artificial intelligence (AI) to recognize, identify, limit or avoid the manifestation of aggressive behaviours of the CBB type. For an overview of the use of artificial intelligence in solving various problems related to CBB, we extracted works from the Scopus database that respond to the criterion of the existence of the words “cyberbullying” and “artificial intelligence” in the Title, Keywords and Abstract. These articles were the subject of the content analysis of the title and, subsequently, only those that are identified as a solution in the process of recognizing, identifying, limiting or avoiding the manifestation of CBB were kept in the following Table where we have these data synthesized and organized by years