811 research outputs found

    Partnering People with Deep Learning Systems: Human Cognitive Effects of Explanations

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    Advances in “deep learning” algorithms have led to intelligent systems that provide automated classifications of unstructured data. Until recently these systems could not provide the reasons behind a classification. This lack of “explainability” has led to resistance in applying these systems in some contexts. An intensive research and development effort to make such systems more transparent and interpretable has proposed and developed multiple types of explanation to address this challenge. Relatively little research has been conducted into how humans process these explanations. Theories and measures from areas of research in social cognition were selected to evaluate attribution of mental processes from intentional systems theory, measures of working memory demands from cognitive load theory, and self-efficacy from social cognition theory. Crowdsourced natural disaster damage assessment of aerial images was employed using a written assessment guideline as the task. The “Wizard of Oz” method was used to generate the damage assessment output of a simulated agent. The output and explanations contained errors consistent with transferring a deep learning system to a new disaster event. A between-subjects experiment was conducted where three types of natural language explanations were manipulated between conditions. Counterfactual explanations increased intrinsic cognitive load and made participants more aware of the challenges of the task. Explanations that described boundary conditions and failure modes (“hedging explanations”) decreased agreement with erroneous agent ratings without a detectable effect on cognitive load. However, these effects were not large enough to counteract decreases in self-efficacy and increases in erroneous agreement as a result of providing a causal explanation. The extraneous cognitive load generated by explanations had the strongest influence on self-efficacy in the task. Presenting all of the explanation types at the same time maximized cognitive load and agreement with erroneous simulated output. Perceived interdependence with the simulated agent was also associated with increases in self-efficacy; however, trust in the agent was not associated with differences in self-efficacy. These findings identify effects related to research areas which have developed methods to design tasks that may increase the effectiveness of explanations

    Design principles for conversational agents to support Emergency Management Agencies

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    Widespread mis- and disinformation during the COVID-19 social media “infodemic” challenge the effective response of Emergency Management Agencies (EMAs). Conversational Agents (CAs) have the potential to amplify and distribute trustworthy information from EMAs to the general public in times of uncertainty. However, the structure and responsibilities of such EMAs are different in comparison to traditional commercial organizations. Consequently, Information Systems (IS) design approaches for CAs are not directly transferable to this different type of organization. Based on semi-structured interviews with practitioners from EMAs in Germany and Australia, twelve meta-requirements and five design principles for CAs for EMAs were developed. In contrast to the traditional view of CA design, social cues should be minimized. The study provides a basis to design robust CAs for EMAs

    Geo-Information Harvesting from Social Media Data

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    As unconventional sources of geo-information, massive imagery and text messages from open platforms and social media form a temporally quasi-seamless, spatially multi-perspective stream, but with unknown and diverse quality. Due to its complementarity to remote sensing data, geo-information from these sources offers promising perspectives, but harvesting is not trivial due to its data characteristics. In this article, we address key aspects in the field, including data availability, analysis-ready data preparation and data management, geo-information extraction from social media text messages and images, and the fusion of social media and remote sensing data. We then showcase some exemplary geographic applications. In addition, we present the first extensive discussion of ethical considerations of social media data in the context of geo-information harvesting and geographic applications. With this effort, we wish to stimulate curiosity and lay the groundwork for researchers who intend to explore social media data for geo-applications. We encourage the community to join forces by sharing their code and data.Comment: Accepted for publication IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazin

    Barriers to Communicating Disaster Response Information to the Public during Disaster Situations

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    Effektive Kommunikation von Gefahrenabwehrinformationen vor, wĂ€hrend und nach einer Katastrophe kann Leben retten und dazu beitragen, dass Betroffene Zugang zu Rettungsmaßnahmen erhalten. In dieser Hinsicht dienen Meldungen dazu, die Allgemeinheit zu informieren und deren Handlungen zu beeinflussen. Dennoch bleiben gewĂŒnschte Reaktionen in vielen FĂ€llen aus, oder erweisen sich als unzureichend um den Folgen von Katastrophen entgegenzuwirken. Somit wird trotz der Veröffentlichung von Warnungen eine große Zahl an Menschen von Katastrophen beeintrĂ€chtigt oder kommt sogar zu Tode. Außerdem leiden viele Menschen im Anschluss an Katastrophen weiter, obwohl Hilfe zur VerfĂŒgung steht. Die Absicht dieser Forschungsarbeit besteht darin festzustellen, welche Faktoren effektive Kommunikation innerhalb einer Katastrophensituation erschweren. Obwohl die jeweiligen Akteure im Katastrophenkommunikationssystem darauf abzielen die Allgemeinheit zu informieren, berĂŒcksichtigen sie Kommunikationsprobleme oft nicht angemessen. Allerdings können Kommunikationsprobleme der Grund dafĂŒr sein, dass Meldungen die Allgemeinheit entweder nicht erreichen, oder nicht vollstĂ€ndig verstanden werden. Je weniger Informationen der Öffentlichkeit zur VerfĂŒgung stehen, desto grĂ¶ĂŸer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Menschen Entscheidungen fĂ€llen, die ihr Leben gefĂ€hrden. Meine Herangehensweise an dieses Problem erfolgte von der Systemperspektive. Ziel eines jeden Katastrophenkommunikationssystem besteht darin, die öffentliche Sicherheit in Bezug auf eine Katastrophensituation zu gewĂ€hrleisten. Dieses Ziel wird durch den Kommunikationsvorgang erreicht. In aller Regel umfasst ein Katastrophenkommunikationssystem ein komplexes Netzwerk aus Menschen, Organisationen und KommunikationskanĂ€len. Hierbei fungiert das Katastrophenkommunikationssystem im Rahmen einer Katastrophenumgebung, die sich fortlaufend Ă€ndert. Die Kombination aus einem komplexen Kommunikationssystem zum Einen und einer dynamischen Katastrophenumgebung zum Anderen verschĂ€rft Kommunikationsprobleme. Mit Hilfe von drei Fallstudien wurde ein tiefgreifendes VerstĂ€ndnis erlangt, wie Gefahrenabwehrinformationen die Allgemeinheit wĂ€hrend einer Katastrophensituation tatsĂ€chlich erreichen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden Typhoon Haiyan und Hagupit auf den Philippinen sowie das Gorkha Erdbeben in Nepal untersucht. Quantitative Umfragen mit Individuen und lokalen AmtstrĂ€gern aus Katastrophengebieten wurden durchgefĂŒhrt. Mit SchlĂŒsselpersonen aus verschiedenen Regierungs- und Nichtregierungsorganisationen wurden qualitative Befragungen absolviert. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudien erlĂ€utern wie Individuen und Regierungsvertreter in beiden LĂ€ndern im Verlauf einer Katastrophensituation einerseits Informationen ersuchen und andererseits miteinander kommunizieren. Ebenso zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Verhaltensweisen hinsichtlich Beschaffung und Kommunikation von Informationen von Geschlecht, Standort und Alter abhĂ€ngen. Zugleich haben die Fallstudien dazu beigetragen, die verschiedenen Akteure innerhalb des Katastrophenkommunikationssystems zu benennen und ihre Beziehungen untereinander zu verdeutlichen. Des Weiteren wurden thematische Analysen ausgearbeitet, um fundierte Kenntnisse ĂŒber charakteristische Inhalte der Gefahrenabwehrmeldungen zu gewinnen. Dazu wurden fĂŒr insgesamt 21 Katastrophenereignisse die dazugehörigen Meldungen bezĂŒglich der Sachlage ausgewertet. Die thematischen Analysen fĂŒhrten zur Entwicklung von Klassifikationsschemen. Diese unterteilen den Inhalt einer Gefahrenabwehrmeldung in bestimmte Kategorien um weiterfĂŒhrende Untersuchungen unternehmen zu können. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird eine Methodik zur Analyse der Gefahrenabwehrmeldungen in Echtzeit vorgestellt. Durch das ZusammenfĂŒhren der Fallstudienergebnisse, der thematischen Analysen sowie der Literatur ist ein konzeptionelles Modell fĂŒr ein typisches Katastrophenkommunikationssystem entstanden. Der Zweck des Modells liegt darin, die Diskussion bezĂŒglich KatastrophenkommunikationsplĂ€nen und ProblemlösungsvorschlĂ€gen zu verbessern. Im Hinblick auf die ermittelten Hindernisfaktoren gegenĂŒber effektiver Kommunikation findet dieses Modell Anwendung bei der Frage, wie es Akteure dabei unterstĂŒtzen kann eben solche Hindernisfaktoren zu beheben. Schlussendlich haben die Ergebnisse Auswirkungen auf alle Individuen und Organisationen, die bestrebt sind mit der Öffentlichkeit im Verlauf einer Katastrophe zu kommunizieren

    Intelligent Data Analytics using Deep Learning for Data Science

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    Nowadays, data science stimulates the interest of academics and practitioners because it can assist in the extraction of significant insights from massive amounts of data. From the years 2018 through 2025, the Global Datasphere is expected to rise from 33 Zettabytes to 175 Zettabytes, according to the International Data Corporation. This dissertation proposes an intelligent data analytics framework that uses deep learning to tackle several difficulties when implementing a data science application. These difficulties include dealing with high inter-class similarity, the availability and quality of hand-labeled data, and designing a feasible approach for modeling significant correlations in features gathered from various data sources. The proposed intelligent data analytics framework employs a novel strategy for improving data representation learning by incorporating supplemental data from various sources and structures. First, the research presents a multi-source fusion approach that utilizes confident learning techniques to improve the data quality from many noisy sources. Meta-learning methods based on advanced techniques such as the mixture of experts and differential evolution combine the predictive capacity of individual learners with a gating mechanism, ensuring that only the most trustworthy features or predictions are integrated to train the model. Then, a Multi-Level Convolutional Fusion is presented to train a model on the correspondence between local-global deep feature interactions to identify easily confused samples of different classes. The convolutional fusion is further enhanced with the power of Graph Transformers, aggregating the relevant neighboring features in graph-based input data structures and achieving state-of-the-art performance on a large-scale building damage dataset. Finally, weakly-supervised strategies, noise regularization, and label propagation are proposed to train a model on sparse input labeled data, ensuring the model\u27s robustness to errors and supporting the automatic expansion of the training set. The suggested approaches outperformed competing strategies in effectively training a model on a large-scale dataset of 500k photos, with just about 7% of the images annotated by a human. The proposed framework\u27s capabilities have benefited various data science applications, including fluid dynamics, geometric morphometrics, building damage classification from satellite pictures, disaster scene description, and storm-surge visualization

    Social Media Analytics for Disaster Management

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    Collaborative damage mapping for emergency response : the role of Cognitive Systems Engineering

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    Remote sensing is increasingly used to assess disaster damage, traditionally by professional image analysts. A recent alternative is crowdsourcing by volunteers experienced in remote sensing, using internet-based mapping portals. We identify a range of problems in current approaches, including how volunteers can best be instructed for the task, ensuring that instructions are accurately understood and translate into valid results, or how the mapping scheme must be adapted for different map user needs. The volunteers, the mapping organizers, and the map users all perform complex cognitive tasks, yet little is known about the actual information needs of the users. We also identify problematic assumptions about the capabilities of the volunteers, principally related to the ability to perform the mapping, and to understand mapping instructions unambiguously. We propose that any robust scheme for collaborative damage mapping must rely on Cognitive Systems Engineering and its principal method, Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA), to understand the information and decision requirements of the map and image users, and how the volunteers can be optimally instructed and their mapping contributions merged into suitable map products. We recommend an iterative approach involving map users, remote sensing specialists, cognitive systems engineers and instructional designers, as well as experimental psychologists

    Methodology for high resolution spatial analysis of the physical flood susceptibility of buildings in large river floodplains

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    The impacts of floods on buildings in urban areas are increasing due to the intensification of extreme weather events, unplanned or uncontrolled settlements and the rising vulnerability of assets. There are some approaches available for assessing the flood damage to buildings and critical infrastructure. To this point, however, it is extremely difficult to adapt these methods widely, due to the lack of high resolution classification and characterisation approaches for built structures. To overcome this obstacle, this work presents: first, a conceptual framework for understanding the physical flood vulnerability and the physical flood susceptibility of buildings, second, a methodological framework for the combination of methods and tools for a large-scale and high-resolution analysis and third, the testing of the methodology in three pilot sites with different development conditions. The conceptual framework narrows down an understanding of flood vulnerability, physical flood vulnerability and physical flood susceptibility and its relation to social and economic vulnerabilities. It describes the key features causing the physical flood susceptibility of buildings as a component of the vulnerability. The methodological framework comprises three modules: (i) methods for setting up a building topology, (ii) methods for assessing the susceptibility of representative buildings of each building type and (iii) the integration of the two modules with technological tools. The first module on the building typology is based on a classification of remote sensing data and GIS analysis involving seven building parameters, which appeared to be relevant for a classification of buildings regarding potential flood impacts. The outcome is a building taxonomic approach. A subsequent identification of representative buildings is based on statistical analyses and membership functions. The second module on the building susceptibility for representative buildings bears on the derivation of depth-physical impact functions. It relates the principal building components, including their heights, dimensions and materials, to the damage from different water levels. The material’s susceptibility is estimated based on international studies on the resistance of building materials and a fuzzy expert analysis. Then depth-physical impact functions are calculated referring to the principal components of the buildings which can be affected by different water levels. Hereby, depth-physical impact functions are seen as a means for the interrelation between the water level and the physical impacts. The third module provides the tools for implementing the methodology. This tool compresses the architecture for feeding the required data on the buildings with their relations to the building typology and the building-type specific depth-physical impact function supporting the automatic process. The methodology is tested in three flood plains pilot sites: (i) in the settlement of the Barrio Sur in MaganguĂ© and (ii) in the settlement of La Peña in Cicuco located on the flood plain of Magdalena River, Colombia and (iii) in a settlement of the city of Dresden, located on the Elbe River, Germany. The testing of the methodology covers the description of data availability and accuracy, the steps for deriving the depth-physical impact functions of representative buildings and the final display of the spatial distribution of the physical flood susceptibility. The discussion analyses what are the contributions of this work evaluating the findings of the methodology’s testing with the dissertation goals. The conclusions of the work show the contributions and limitations of the research in terms of methodological and empirical advancements and the general applicability in flood risk management.:1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 State of the art 2 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Approach and outline 6 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1 Flood vulnerability 10 2.2 Physical flood vulnerability 12 2.3 Physical flood susceptibility 14 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 23 3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy for settlements 24 3.1.1 Extraction of building features 24 3.1.2 Derivation of building parameters for setting up a building taxonomy 38 3.1.3 Selection of representative buildings for a building susceptibility assessment 51 3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings 57 3.2.1 Identification of building components 57 3.2.2 Qualification of building material susceptibility 62 3.2.3 Derivation of a depth-physical impact function 71 3.3 Module 3: Technological integration 77 3.3.1 Combination of the depth-physical impact function with the building taxonomic code 77 3.3.2 Tools supporting the physical susceptibility analysis 78 3.3.3 The users and their requirements 79 4 RESULTS OF THE METHODOLOGY TESTING 83 4.1 Pilot site “Kleinzschachwitz” – Dresden, Germany – Elbe River 83 4.1.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Kleinzschachwitz” 85 4.1.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Kleinzschachwitz” 97 4.1.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Kleinzschachwitz” 103 4.2 Pilot site “La Peña” – Cicuco, Colombia – Magdalena River 107 4.2.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “La Peña” 108 4.2.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “La Peña” 121 4.2.3 Module 3: Technological integration– “La Peña” 129 4.3 Pilot site “Barrio Sur” – MaganguĂ©, Colombia – Magdalena River 133 4.3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Barrio Sur” 133 4.3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Barrio Sur” 141 4.3.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Barrio Sur” 147 4.4 Empirical findings 151 4.4.1 Empirical findings of Module 1 151 4.4.2 Empirical findings of Module 2 155 4.4.3 Empirical findings of Module 3 157 4.4.4 Guidance of the methodology 157 5 DISCUSSION 161 5.1 Discussion on the conceptual framework 161 5.2 Discussion on the methodological framework 161 5.2.1 Discussion on Module 1: the building taxonomic approach 162 5.2.2 Discussion on Module 2: the depth-physical impact function 164 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 167 6.1 Conclusions 167 6.2 Outlook 168 REFERENCES 171 INDEX OF FIGURES 199 INDEX OF TABLES 201 APPENDICES 203In vielen StĂ€dten nehmen die Auswirkungen von Hochwasser auf GebĂ€ude aufgrund immer extremerer Wetterereignisse, unkontrollierbarer Siedlungsbauten und der steigenden VulnerabilitĂ€t von BesitztĂŒmern stetig zu. Es existieren zwar bereits AnsĂ€tze zur Beurteilung von WasserschĂ€den an GebĂ€uden und Infrastrukturknotenpunkten. Doch ist es bisher schwierig, diese Methoden großrĂ€umig anzuwenden, da es an einer prĂ€zisen Klassifizierung und Charakterisierung von GebĂ€uden und anderen baulichen Anlagen fehlt. Zu diesem Zweck sollen in dieser Arbeit erstens ein Konzept fĂŒr ein genaueres VerstĂ€ndnis der physischen VulnerabilitĂ€t von GebĂ€uden gegenĂŒber Hochwasser dargelegt, zweitens ein methodisches Verfahren zur Kombination der bestehenden Methoden und Hilfsmittel mit dem Ziel einer großrĂ€umigen und hochauflösenden Analyse erarbeitet und drittens diese Methode an drei Pilotstandorten mit unterschiedlichem Ausbauzustand erprobt werden. Die Rahmenbedingungen des Konzepts grenzen die Begriffe der VulnerabilitĂ€t, der physischen VulnerabilitĂ€t und der physischen AnfĂ€lligkeit gegenĂŒber Hochwasser ein und erörtern deren Beziehung zur sozialen und ökonomischen VulnerabilitĂ€t. Es werden die Merkmale der physischen AnfĂ€lligkeit von GebĂ€uden gegenĂŒber Hochwasser als Bestandteil der VulnerabilitĂ€t definiert. Das methodische Verfahren umfasst drei Module: (i) Methoden zur Erstellung einer GebĂ€udetypologie, (ii) Methoden zur Bewertung der AnfĂ€lligkeit reprĂ€sentativer GebĂ€ude jedes GebĂ€udetyps und (iii) die Kombination der beiden Module mit Hilfe technologischer Hilfsmittel. Das erste Modul zur GebĂ€udetypologie basiert auf der Klassifizierung von Fernerkundungsdaten und GIS-Analysen anhand von sieben GebĂ€udeparametern, die sich fĂŒr die Klassifizierung von GebĂ€uden bezĂŒglich ihres Risikopotenzials bei Hochwasser als wichtig erweisen. Daraus ergibt sich ein Ansatz zur GebĂ€udeklassifizierung. Die anschließende Ermittlung reprĂ€sentativer GebĂ€ude beruht auf statistischen Analysen und Zugehörigkeitsfunktionen. Das zweite Modul zur AnfĂ€lligkeit reprĂ€sentativer GebĂ€ude beruht auf der Ableitung von Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung. Es setzt die relevanten GebĂ€udemerkmale, darunter Höhe, Maße und Materialien, in Beziehung zum erwartbaren Schaden bei unterschiedlichen WasserstĂ€nden. Die MaterialanfĂ€lligkeit wird aufgrund internationaler Studien zur Festigkeit von Baustoffen sowie durch Anwendung eines Fuzzy-Logic-Expertensystems eingeschĂ€tzt. Anschließend werden Wasserstand-Schaden-Funktionen unter Einbeziehung der HauptgebĂ€udekomponenten berechnet, die durch unterschiedliche WasserstĂ€nde in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden können. Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung dienen hier dazu, den jeweiligen Wasserstand und die physischen Auswirkung in Beziehung zueinander zu setzen. Das dritte Modul stellt die zur Umsetzung der Methoden notwendigen Hilfsmittel vor. Zur UnterstĂŒtzung des automatisierten Verfahrens dienen Hilfsmittel, die die GebĂ€udetypologie mit der Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung fĂŒr GebĂ€ude in Hochwassergebieten kombinieren. Die Methoden wurden anschließend in drei hochwassergefĂ€hrdeten Pilotstandorten getestet: (i) in den Siedlungsgebieten von Barrio Sur in MaganguĂ© und (ii) von La Pena in Cicuco, zwei Überschwemmungsgebiete des Magdalenas in Kolumbien, und (iii) im Stadtgebiet von Dresden, das an der Elbe liegt. Das Testverfahren umfasst die Beschreibung der DatenverfĂŒgbarkeit und genauigkeit, die einzelnen Schritte zur Analyse der. Funktion von Wasserstand und physischer Einwirkung reprĂ€sentativer GebĂ€ude sowie die Darstellung der rĂ€umlichen Verteilung der physischen AnfĂ€lligkeit fĂŒr Hochwasser. In der Diskussion wird der Beitrag dieser Arbeit zur Beurteilung der Erkenntnisse der getesteten Methoden anhand der Ziele dieser Dissertation analysiert. Die Folgerungen beleuchten abschließend die Fortschritte und auch Grenzen der Forschung hinsichtlich methodischer und empirischer Entwicklungen sowie deren allgemeine Anwendbarkeit im Bereich des Hochwasserschutzes.:1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 State of the art 2 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Approach and outline 6 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1 Flood vulnerability 10 2.2 Physical flood vulnerability 12 2.3 Physical flood susceptibility 14 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 23 3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy for settlements 24 3.1.1 Extraction of building features 24 3.1.2 Derivation of building parameters for setting up a building taxonomy 38 3.1.3 Selection of representative buildings for a building susceptibility assessment 51 3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings 57 3.2.1 Identification of building components 57 3.2.2 Qualification of building material susceptibility 62 3.2.3 Derivation of a depth-physical impact function 71 3.3 Module 3: Technological integration 77 3.3.1 Combination of the depth-physical impact function with the building taxonomic code 77 3.3.2 Tools supporting the physical susceptibility analysis 78 3.3.3 The users and their requirements 79 4 RESULTS OF THE METHODOLOGY TESTING 83 4.1 Pilot site “Kleinzschachwitz” – Dresden, Germany – Elbe River 83 4.1.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Kleinzschachwitz” 85 4.1.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Kleinzschachwitz” 97 4.1.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Kleinzschachwitz” 103 4.2 Pilot site “La Peña” – Cicuco, Colombia – Magdalena River 107 4.2.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “La Peña” 108 4.2.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “La Peña” 121 4.2.3 Module 3: Technological integration– “La Peña” 129 4.3 Pilot site “Barrio Sur” – MaganguĂ©, Colombia – Magdalena River 133 4.3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Barrio Sur” 133 4.3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Barrio Sur” 141 4.3.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Barrio Sur” 147 4.4 Empirical findings 151 4.4.1 Empirical findings of Module 1 151 4.4.2 Empirical findings of Module 2 155 4.4.3 Empirical findings of Module 3 157 4.4.4 Guidance of the methodology 157 5 DISCUSSION 161 5.1 Discussion on the conceptual framework 161 5.2 Discussion on the methodological framework 161 5.2.1 Discussion on Module 1: the building taxonomic approach 162 5.2.2 Discussion on Module 2: the depth-physical impact function 164 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 167 6.1 Conclusions 167 6.2 Outlook 168 REFERENCES 171 INDEX OF FIGURES 199 INDEX OF TABLES 201 APPENDICES 203El impacto de las inundaciones sobre los edificios en zonas urbanas es cada vez mayor debido a la intensificaciĂłn de los fenĂłmenos meteorolĂłgicos extremos, asentamientos no controlados o no planificados y su creciente vulnerabilidad. Hay mĂ©todos disponibles para evaluar los daños por inundaciĂłn en edificios e infraestructuras crĂ­ticas. Sin embargo, es muy difĂ­cil implementar estos mĂ©todos sistemĂĄticamente en grandes ĂĄreas debido a la falta de clasificaciĂłn y caracterizaciĂłn de estructuras construidas en resoluciones detalladas. Para superar este obstĂĄculo, este trabajo se enfoca, en primer lugar, en desarrollar un marco conceptual para comprender la vulnerabilidad y susceptibilidad fĂ­sica de edificios por inudaciones, en segundo lugar, en desarrollar un marco metodolĂłgico para la combinaciĂłn de los mĂ©todos y herramientas para una anĂĄlisis de alta resoluciĂłn y en tercer lugar, la prueba de la metodologĂ­a en tres sitios experimentales, con distintas condiciones de desarrollo. El marco conceptual se enfoca en comprender la vulnerabilidad y susceptibility de las edificaciones frente a inundaciones, y su relaciĂłn con la vulnerabilidad social y econĂłmica. En Ă©l se describen las principales caracterĂ­sticas fĂ­sicas de la susceptibilidad de edificicaiones como un componente de la vulnerabilidad. El marco metodolĂłgico consta de tres mĂłdulos: (i) mĂ©todos para la derivaciĂłn de topologĂ­a de construcciones, (ii) mĂ©todos para evaluar la susceptibilidad de edificios representativos y (iii) la integraciĂłn de los dos mĂłdulos a travĂ©s herramientas tecnolĂłgicas. El primer mĂłdulo de topologĂ­a de construcciones se basa en una clasificaciĂłn de datos de sensoramiento rĂ©moto y procesamiento SIG para la extracciĂłn de siete parĂĄmetros de las edficaciones. Este mĂłdulo parece ser aplicable para una clasificaciĂłn de los edificios en relaciĂłn con los posibles impactos de las inundaciones. El resultado es una taxonomĂ­a de las edificaciones y una posterior identificaciĂłn de edificios representativos que se basa en anĂĄlisis estadĂ­sticos y funciones de pertenencia. El segundo mĂłdulo consiste en el anĂĄlisis de susceptibilidad de las construcciones representativas a travĂ©s de funciones de profundidad del impacto fĂ­sico. Las cuales relacionan los principales componentes de la construcciĂłn, incluyendo sus alturas, dimensiones y materiales con los impactos fĂ­sicos a diferentes niveles de agua. La susceptibilidad del material se calcula con base a estudios internacionales sobre la resistencia de los materiales y un anĂĄlisis a travĂ©s de sistemas expertos difusos. AquĂ­, las funciones de profundidad de impacto fĂ­sico son considerados como un medio para la interrelaciĂłn entre el nivel del agua y los impactos fĂ­sicos. El tercer mĂłdulo proporciona las herramientas necesarias para la aplicaciĂłn de la metodologĂ­a. Estas herramientas tecnolĂłgicas consisten en la arquitectura para la alimentaciĂłn de los datos relacionados a la tipologĂ­a de construcciones con las funciones de profundidad del impacto fĂ­sico apoyado en procesos automĂĄticos. La metodologĂ­a es probada en tres sitios piloto: (i) en el Barrio Sur en MaganguĂ© y (ii) en la barrio de La Peña en Cicuco situado en la llanura inundable del RĂ­o Magdalena, Colombia y (iii) en barrio Kleinzschachwitz de la ciudad de Dresden, situado a orillas del rĂ­o Elba, en Alemania. Las pruebas de la metodologĂ­a abarca la descripciĂłn de la disponibilidad de los datos y la precisiĂłn, los pasos a seguir para obtener las funciones profundidad de impacto fĂ­sico de edificios representativos y la presentaciĂłn final de la distribuciĂłn espacial de la susceptibilidad fĂ­sica frente inundaciones El discusiĂłn analiza las aportaciones de este trabajo y evalua los resultados de la metodologĂ­a con relaciĂłn a los objetivos. Las conclusiones del trabajo, muestran los aportes y limitaciones de la investigaciĂłn en tĂ©rminos de avances metodolĂłgicos y empĂ­ricos y la aplicabilidad general de gestiĂłn del riesgo de inundaciones.:1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 State of the art 2 1.3 Problem statement 6 1.4 Objectives 6 1.5 Approach and outline 6 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 9 2.1 Flood vulnerability 10 2.2 Physical flood vulnerability 12 2.3 Physical flood susceptibility 14 3 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 23 3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy for settlements 24 3.1.1 Extraction of building features 24 3.1.2 Derivation of building parameters for setting up a building taxonomy 38 3.1.3 Selection of representative buildings for a building susceptibility assessment 51 3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings 57 3.2.1 Identification of building components 57 3.2.2 Qualification of building material susceptibility 62 3.2.3 Derivation of a depth-physical impact function 71 3.3 Module 3: Technological integration 77 3.3.1 Combination of the depth-physical impact function with the building taxonomic code 77 3.3.2 Tools supporting the physical susceptibility analysis 78 3.3.3 The users and their requirements 79 4 RESULTS OF THE METHODOLOGY TESTING 83 4.1 Pilot site “Kleinzschachwitz” – Dresden, Germany – Elbe River 83 4.1.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Kleinzschachwitz” 85 4.1.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Kleinzschachwitz” 97 4.1.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Kleinzschachwitz” 103 4.2 Pilot site “La Peña” – Cicuco, Colombia – Magdalena River 107 4.2.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “La Peña” 108 4.2.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “La Peña” 121 4.2.3 Module 3: Technological integration– “La Peña” 129 4.3 Pilot site “Barrio Sur” – MaganguĂ©, Colombia – Magdalena River 133 4.3.1 Module 1: Building taxonomy – “Barrio Sur” 133 4.3.2 Module 2: Physical susceptibility of representative buildings – “Barrio Sur” 141 4.3.3 Module 3: Technological integration – “Barrio Sur” 147 4.4 Empirical findings 151 4.4.1 Empirical findings of Module 1 151 4.4.2 Empirical findings of Module 2 155 4.4.3 Empirical findings of Module 3 157 4.4.4 Guidance of the methodology 157 5 DISCUSSION 161 5.1 Discussion on the conceptual framework 161 5.2 Discussion on the methodological framework 161 5.2.1 Discussion on Module 1: the building taxonomic approach 162 5.2.2 Discussion on Module 2: the depth-physical impact function 164 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 167 6.1 Conclusions 167 6.2 Outlook 168 REFERENCES 171 INDEX OF FIGURES 199 INDEX OF TABLES 201 APPENDICES 20
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