Seller versus Broker: Timing of Promotion

Sellers and brokers may differ in preferred timing of costly promotion. Sellers with holding costs are anxious to sell. Sellers with showing costs want a slower approach. We find a standard listing contract where the broker chooses promotion timing can be efficient if sellers have no significant holding or showing costs. We then delineate the efficient listing contract provisions for duration and fee structure for sellers who have holding and/or showing costs.

Static efficiency in Dutch supermarket chain

In this study, we analyse changes in market power in the Dutch supermarket chain and discuss the effects on welfare. The supermarket chain includes consumers, supermarkets, buyer groups and food manufactures. We look at the theoretical background of market power. �Special attention has been paid to recent theories of buyer power of retailers in the vertical chain. Theory suggests that supermarkets can enhance their buyer power by, for instance, using own private brands as an outside option in bargaining with manufacturers. Using firm-level data, indicators reveal that profit margins of both supermarkets and of manufacturers have declined between 1993 and 2005. Hence, competition on these markets seems to have become tougher and mark-ups lower over time. Furthermore, we find no significant empirical indications that supermarkets were able to use their buyer power to shift profits from manufacturers to supermarkets after 1993. Finally, all else equal, in terms of welfare consumers have benefited from fiercer competition in terms of lower prices.

Price determination and price strategy in the marketing view

Taking into account the four marketing politics, the price may seem to hold a special place both in theory and practice. This assertion is sustained by the fact that some specialists consider prices a variable unable to be controlled by a company, while others are adepts of another theory according to which there is a real possibility of using the price in the company’s best interest, whether on short but most of all on long periods of time. Like in many other circumstances, taking also into consideration what has already been proved in the field, the truth may lie somewhere in between, meaning the price cannot be controlled by a company like other market poles, as product policies of distribution and promotion, but at the same time it cannot be considered an external variable, impossible to be used in marketing terms.price, consumers, demand, price sensitivity measurement.

TVWS policies to enable efficient spectrum sharing

The transition from analogue to the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTV) in Europe is planned to be completed by the end of the year 2012. The DTV spectrum allocation is such that there are a number of TV channels which cannot be used for additional high power broadcast transmitters due to mutual interference and hence are left unused within a given geographical location, i.e. the TV channels are geographically interleaved. The use of geographically interleaved spectrum provides for the so-called TV white spaces (TVWS) an opportunity for deploying new wireless services. The main objective of this paper is to present the spectrum policies that are suitable for TVWS at European level, identified within the COGEU project. The COGEU project aims the efficient exploitation of the geographical interleaved spectrum (TVWS). COGEU is an ICT collaborative project supported by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme. Nine partners from seven EU countries representing academia, research institutes and industry are involved in the project. The COGEU project is a composite of technical, business, and regulatory/policy domains, with the objective of taking advantage of the TV digital switchover by developing cognitive radio systems that leverage the favorable propagation characteristics of the UHF broadcast spectrum through the introduction and promotion of real-time secondary spectrum trading and the creation of new spectrum commons regimes. COGEU will also define new methodologies for compliance testing and certification of TVWS equipment to ensure non-interference coexistence with the DVB-T European standard. The innovation brought by COGEU is the combination of cognitive access to TV white spaces with secondary spectrum trading mechanisms.telecommunications,spectrum management,secondary spectrum market,regulation,TV white spaces,cognitive radio

Enhancing Brand Equity Through Sustainability: Waste Recycling

Unlike many existing research studies that explain reverse marketing from a purchasing perspective, this study recognizes it as an honest effort made by managers aiming to promote sustainability by purposefully managing waste and discusses the spillover effect of their initiatives on brand equity. It argues that efficient recycling of products through reverse marketing by a brand demonstrates its sincere intent to adopt sustainable business practices and enhances its equity in the marketplace. A business-to-business viewpoint has been used to combine knowledge about waste recycling and management through reverse marketing based on the unpretentious operations and management practices. The propositions reflect on the criticality of engaging business customer firms in a procedural mechanism of recycling for increase in brand equity as the success of reverse marketing. A comprehensive adoption of an initiative like waste management through reverse marketing by a brand highlights how sustainability initiatives can create value for the customers of the brand and ultimately drive brand equity

Governance for quality management in smallholder-based tropical food chains

The paper provides a framework that focuses on the linkages between several key dimensions of supply chain organization and performance of perishable tropical food products. The focus is on the relationship between governance regime and quality management. However, two other but related variables are taken into account because they impact on the relationship between governance and quality management. These variables are channel choice and value added distribution in the supply chain. Governance regime is reflecting how to enhance coordination and trust amongst supply chain partners and how to reduce transaction costs. Quality management is dealing with how to manage food technology processes such that required quality levels can be improved and variability in quality of natural products can be exploited. Governance regimes in relation to quality management practices are discussed to the extent that supply chain partners are able, or are enabled, to invest in required quality improve¬ments. Reduction of transaction costs, creation of trust-based networks and proper trade-offs between direct and future gains may offer substantial contributions to effective quality management and enforcement. This framework has been applied to nine case studies on smallholder-based food supply chains originating from developing countries (Ruben et al., 2007). Three of these case studies are discussed in this paper to illustrate what challenges can be derived from the case studies. The selected case studies concern fish originating from Kenya, mango originating from Costa Rica and vegetables produced in China.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy,

Governance for quality management in smallholder-based tropical food chains

Abstract The paper provides a framework that focuses on the linkages between several key dimensions of supply chain organization and performance of perishable tropical food products. The focus is on the relationship between governance regime and quality management. However, two other but related variables are taken into account because they impact on the relationship between governance and quality management. These variables are channel choice and value added distribution in the supply chain. Governance regime is reflecting how to enhance coordination and trust amongst supply chain partners and how to reduce transaction costs. Quality management is dealing with how to manage food technology processes such that required quality levels can be improved and variability in quality of natural products can be exploited. Governance regimes in relation to quality management practices are discussed to the extent that supply chain partners are able, or are enabled, to invest in required quality improve-ments. Reduction of transaction costs, creation of trust-based networks and proper trade-offs between direct and future gains may offer substantial contributions to effective quality management and enforcement. This framework has been applied to nine case studies on smallholder-based food supply chains originating from developing countries (Ruben et al., 2007). Three of these case studies are discussed in this paper to illustrate what challenges can be derived from the case studies. The selected case studies concern fish originating from Kenya, mango originating from Costa Rica and vegetables produced in China

WHAT BUYERS ARE SAYING ABOUT MICHIGAN CELERY

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Vertical Integration and Internet Industry Structure: An Application of the Pricing Taxonomy

This paper utilizes the Internet Pricing Interface Taxonomy to examine incentives of service providers at various stages in the service provider value chain to vertically integrate. The focus is on residential, dial-up subscribers to simplify the analysis. The goal of the paper is to address the following sorts of questions: -- What are the incentives of firms at various stages in the value chain to vertically integrate? -- What does this imply for Internet industry structure today and in the future? -- Is the market for a commodity IP bearer service sustainable? The paper is organized into the following sections. Section I provides a review of the Internet Pricing Interface Taxonomy

The impact of promotion on inventory forecasting for an Asian wholesale corporation

Inventory control has been a challenge to wholesale firms since inventory can be easily affected by numerous operational, social, cultural, and environmental factors. Besides, marketing related factors create uncertainty as to the levels of the product demands, and that uncertainty makes inventory forecasting much more difficult and forces wholesalers to estimate the impacts of the potentially influential factors. Hence, an understanding of the factors affecting inventory levels is the primary goal of this study; Utilizing historical inventory data and other marketing related information provided by an Asian wholesale corporation, the researcher estimated the effect of promotion on product sales and replenishments with considerations of the wholesale environment and cultural influences. Several theories were applied in this study in order to explain demand fluctuation, and these theories acted as guidelines for the study. Nine research hypotheses were tested in this study to investigate the effects of the marketing related factors. Multivariate analyses, post-hoc univariate F tests, and multiple linear regressions were then performed to elicit reliable results; Results of the study indicated that product attributes, such as brands, items, price, and package sizes, are the main factors affecting buyers\u27 purchase decision. However, types of promotion were found to have no significant impact on either sales or orders in the same month when products were promoted. Lagged effects of promotion were observed two and three months after promotional events ended. In lag two, a significant difference was found in orders only, which indicated that a wholesale firm expected to have increased sales after implementing those promotion strategies. Sales of the new products introduced in the events did significantly increase in lag three. In the Asian culture, buyers are trying to avoid uncertainty. Hence, the response time to a new product by increasing purchasing volumes might be longer; Promotion is the strategy used to stimulate sales. However, in this study, the effect of promotion was not significant enough to be used as an indicating factor of inventory prediction. Hence, future research might want to find out how a wholesaler can apply promotion strategies effectively to stimulate buyers\u27 purchase intentions and increase sales, as well as profits