Deterministic polynomial factoring over finite fields: A uniform approach via P-schemes

We introduce a family of combinatorial objects called P-schemes, where P is a collection of subgroups of a finite group G. A P-scheme is a collection of partitions of right coset spaces H\G, indexed by H ∈ P, that satisfies a list of axioms. These objects generalize the classical notion of association schemes as well as m-schemes (Ivanyos et al., 2009). We apply the theory of P-schemes to deterministic polynomial factoring over finite fields: suppose f(X) ∈ Z[X] and a prime number pare given, such that f(X) :=f(X) modpfactorizes into n =deg(f)distinct linear factors over the finite field F_p. We show that, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH), f(X)can be completely factorized in deterministic polynomial time if the Galois group G of f(X)is an almost simple primitive permutation group on the set of roots of f(X), and the socle of Gis a subgroup of Sym(k)for kup to 2^O(√log n). This is the first deterministic polynomial-time factoring algorithm for primitive Galois groups of superpolynomial order. We prove our result by developing a generic factoring algorithm and analyzing it using P-schemes. We also show that the main results achieved by known GRH-based deterministic polynomial factoring algorithms can be derived from our generic algorithm in a uniform way. Finally, we investigate the schemes conjecturein Ivanyos et al. (2009), and formulate analogous conjectures associated with various families of permutation groups. We show that these conjectures form a hierarchy of relaxations of the original schemes conjecture, and their positive resolutions would imply deterministic polynomial-time factoring algorithms for various families of Galois groups under GRH

Deterministic polynomial factoring over finite fields: A uniform approach via P-schemes

We introduce a family of combinatorial objects called P-schemes, where P is a collection of subgroups of a finite group G. A P-scheme is a collection of partitions of right coset spaces H\G, indexed by H ∈ P, that satisfies a list of axioms. These objects generalize the classical notion of association schemes as well as m-schemes (Ivanyos et al., 2009). We apply the theory of P-schemes to deterministic polynomial factoring over finite fields: suppose f(X) ∈ Z[X] and a prime number pare given, such that f(X) :=f(X) modpfactorizes into n =deg(f)distinct linear factors over the finite field F_p. We show that, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH), f(X)can be completely factorized in deterministic polynomial time if the Galois group G of f(X)is an almost simple primitive permutation group on the set of roots of f(X), and the socle of Gis a subgroup of Sym(k)for kup to 2^O(√log n). This is the first deterministic polynomial-time factoring algorithm for primitive Galois groups of superpolynomial order. We prove our result by developing a generic factoring algorithm and analyzing it using P-schemes. We also show that the main results achieved by known GRH-based deterministic polynomial factoring algorithms can be derived from our generic algorithm in a uniform way. Finally, we investigate the schemes conjecturein Ivanyos et al. (2009), and formulate analogous conjectures associated with various families of permutation groups. We show that these conjectures form a hierarchy of relaxations of the original schemes conjecture, and their positive resolutions would imply deterministic polynomial-time factoring algorithms for various families of Galois groups under GRH

P-Schemes and Deterministic Polynomial Factoring Over Finite Fields

We introduce a family of mathematical objects called P-schemes, where P is a poset of subgroups of a finite group G. A P-scheme is a collection of partitions of the right coset spaces H\G, indexed by H∈P, that satisfies a list of axioms. These objects generalize the classical notion of association schemes [BI84] as well as the notion of m-schemes [IKS09]. Based on P-schemes, we develop a unifying framework for the problem of deterministic factoring of univariate polynomials over finite field under the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH). More specifically, our results include the following: We show an equivalence between m-scheme as introduced in [IKS09] and P-schemes in the special setting that G is an multiply transitive permutation group and P is a poset of pointwise stabilizers, and therefore realize the theory of m-schemes as part of the richer theory of P-schemes. We give a generic deterministic algorithm that computes the factorization of the input polynomial ƒ(X) ∈ Fq[X] given a "lifted polynomial" ƒ~(X) of ƒ(X) and a collection F of "effectively constructible" subfields of the splitting field of ƒ~(X) over a certain base field. It is routine to compute ƒ~(X) from ƒ(X) by lifting the coefficients of ƒ(X) to a number ring. The algorithm then successfully factorizes ƒ(X) under GRH in time polynomial in the size of ƒ~(X) and F, provided that a certain condition concerning P-schemes is satisfied, for P being the poset of subgroups of the Galois group G of ƒ~(X) defined by F via the Galois correspondence. By considering various choices of G, P and verifying the condition, we are able to derive the main results of known (GRH-based) deterministic factoring algorithms [Hua91a; Hua91b; Ron88; Ron92; Evd92; Evd94; IKS09] from our generic algorithm in a uniform way. We investigate the schemes conjecture in [IKS09] and formulate analogous conjectures associated with various families of permutation groups, each of which has applications on deterministic polynomial factoring. Using a technique called induction of P-schemes, we establish reductions among these conjectures and show that they form a hierarchy of relaxations of the original schemes conjecture. We connect the complexity of deterministic polynomial factoring with the complexity of the Galois group G of ƒ~(X). Specifically, using techniques from permutation group theory, we obtain a (GRH-based) deterministic factoring algorithm whose running time is bounded in terms of the noncyclic composition factors of G. In particular, this algorithm runs in polynomial time if G is in Γk for some k=2O(√(log n), where Γk denotes the family of finite groups whose noncyclic composition factors are all isomorphic of subgroups of the symmetric group of degree k. Previously, polynomial-time algorithms for Γk were known only for bounded k. We discuss various aspects of the theory of P-schemes, including techniques of constructing new P-schemes from old ones, P-schemes for symmetric groups and linear groups, orbit P-schemes, etc. For the closely related theory of m-schemes, we provide explicit constructions of strongly antisymmetric homogeneous m-schemes for m≤3. We also show that all antisymmetric homogeneous orbit 3-schemes have a matching for m≥3, improving a result in [IKS09] that confirms the same statement for m≥4. In summary, our framework reduces the algorithmic problem of deterministic polynomial factoring over finite fields to a combinatorial problem concerning P-schemes, allowing us to not only recover most of the known results but also discover new ones. We believe progress in understanding P-schemes associated with various families of permutation groups will shed some light on the ultimate goal of solving deterministic polynomial factoring over finite fields in polynomial time.</p

The Rabin cryptosystem revisited

The Rabin public-key cryptosystem is revisited with a focus on the problem of identifying the encrypted message unambiguously for any pair of primes. In particular, a deterministic scheme using quartic reciprocity is described that works for primes congruent 5 modulo 8, a case that was still open. Both theoretical and practical solutions are presented. The Rabin signature is also reconsidered and a deterministic padding mechanism is proposed.Comment: minor review + introduction of a deterministic scheme using quartic reciprocity that works for primes congruent 5 modulo

Maps between curves and arithmetic obstructions

Let X and Y be curves over a finite field. In this article we explore methods to determine whether there is a rational map from Y to X by considering L-functions of certain covers of X and Y and propose a specific family of covers to address the special case of determining when X and Y are isomorphic. We also discuss an application to factoring polynomials over finite fields.Comment: 8 page

A lifting and recombination algorithm for rational factorization of sparse polynomials

We propose a new lifting and recombination scheme for rational bivariate polynomial factorization that takes advantage of the Newton polytope geometry. We obtain a deterministic algorithm that can be seen as a sparse version of an algorithm of Lecerf, with now a polynomial complexity in the volume of the Newton polytope. We adopt a geometrical point of view, the main tool being derived from some algebraic osculation criterions in toric varieties.Comment: 22 page

An Introduction to Quantum Complexity Theory

We give a basic overview of computational complexity, query complexity, and communication complexity, with quantum information incorporated into each of these scenarios. The aim is to provide simple but clear definitions, and to highlight the interplay between the three scenarios and currently-known quantum algorithms.Comment: 28 pages, LaTeX, 11 figures within the text, to appear in "Collected Papers on Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Theory", edited by C. Macchiavello, G.M. Palma, and A. Zeilinger (World Scientific