ANALISIS PERFORMANSI ARSITEKTUR MULTICAST OVERLAY SCALABLE DENGAN SKEMA DUAL TREE PROTECTION UNTUK KOMUNIKASI GRUP SKALA BESAR (PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SCALABLE OVERLAY MULTICAST ARCHITECTURE WITH DUAL TREE PROTECTION SCHEME FOR LARGE SCALE GROUP COMMUNIC

ABSTRAKSI: Selama ini, telah banyak usaha yang dilakukan untuk menyediakan layanan multicast. IP multicast adalah salah satunya, namun pemakaian secara luas di Internet masih belum dapat dilakukan, hal ini disebabkan oleh kekurangan protokol routing inter-domain yang scalable, kekurangan dukungan access control, kebutuhan pembangunan secara global IP router yang dapat melayani multicast, dan tidak adanya pricing model yang sesuai. Application layer multicast dan multicast overlay merupakan mekanisme baru yang memungkinkan proses multicast di dalam Internet.Protokol multicast overlay yang ada lebih difokuskan kepada layanan multicast untuk single application atau suatu single group dan tidak memperhitungkan fault-tolerance. Pada penelitian ini diusulkan suatu arsitektur multicast overlay dengan penambahan skema dual tree protection yang dinamakan Multicast Overlay Scalable (MOS).Dibandingkan dengan cost pada lintasan unicast, MOS tree dapat mereduksi cost rata-rata sebesar 57.68%. MOS tree menghasilkan average LS lebih rendah dari ALM tree yaitu antara 1.1403 dan 1.2352. Average PL dari MOS tree lebih pendek daripada ALM tree (pada saat ukuran grup 40, average PL MOS tree sebesar 13.35 sedangkan average PL ALM tree sebesar 21.8). Kontrol overhead dari MOS lebih rendah daripada ALM untuk ukuran grup yang besar. Sekitar 70-90% kontrol overhead dapat dikurangi bahkan ketika bth bernilai 0.Kata Kunci : IP multicast, application layer multicast, multicast overlay, dual tree protectionABSTRACT: During the time, there have been tremendous efforts to provide multicast service. IP Multicast is one of them, but widely deployed on the Internet had not been done yet, this is due to the lack of a scalable inter-domain routing protocol, the lack of support in access control, the requirement of global deployment of multicast-capable IP routers, and the lack of appropriate pricing models. Application layer multicast and multicast overlay represent the conducive new mechanism process the multicast in the Internet.The existing protocol multicast overlay more focused to service multicast for the single of application or an single group and do not consider the fault-tolerance. This research proposes architecture of multicast overlay with addition of dual tree protection scheme which is named Multicast Overlay Scalable (MOS).Compared with cost of unicast, MOS tree can reduce cost about 57.68%. MOS tree yield average LS lower than ALM tree which is between 1.1403 and 1.2352. Average PL of MOS tree shorter than ALM tree (at group size 40, average PL MOS tree equal to 13.35 while average PL ALM tree equal to 21.8). Control overhead of MOS is significant less than ALM for large group size. About 70-90% of control overhead can be reduced even when bth is 0.Keyword: IP multicast, application layer multicast, multicast overlay, dual tree protectio

Controlo do transporte de sessões multicast em redes dinâmicas

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesHoje em dia assiste-se a um aumento considerável da procura de serviços ou aplicações para múltiplos utilizadores (multiparty), como streaming de conteúdos media, partilha de informações, colaboração entre utilizadores, entre outros. O suporte de tais serviços pela Internet mostra-se extremamente exigente para as actuais arquitecturas de rede, requerendo recursos e funcionalidades completamente fora do alcance de serem suportadas. Desta forma, é necessário investigar e desenvolver novos mecanismos que possibilitem simultaneamente um melhor e maior controlo a este nível. Neste âmbito, tem-se observado actualmente um aumento no número de arquitecturas propostas, capazes de integrar as vantagens do protocolo IP multicast na entrega e transporte de conteúdos multimédia a grupos de utilizadores. Por outro lado, a inclusão de informação de contexto da rede, ambiente e utilizadores proporciona uma maior personalização e adaptação nas decisões de controlo necessárias à rede. É neste sentido que o projecto C-Cast abordado nesta tese se enquadra, procurando especificar uma arquitectura capaz de integrar uma quantidade abrangente de informação de contexto por forma a fornecer personalização nas sessões de entrega de conteúdos multimédia. Para a gestão dos recursos de rede é também proposto um mecanismo de transporte dos conteúdos baseado em IP multicast, juntamente com a possibilidade de adaptação dos caminhos escolhidos na rede de core baseada na informação de contexto da rede e do utilizador. A junção destes factores visa então possibilitar uma melhor gestão dos recursos disponibilizados pela rede. O principal objectivo desta Tese é então focado no desenvolvimento de um módulo inteligente, capaz de permitir o transporte multiparty e reserva de recursos, permitindo a entrega dos conteúdos de uma forma personalizada e independente das capacidades da rede e do utilizador, melhorando não só a qualidade de serviço, como também a qualidade de experiência. De forma a implementar a proposta apresentada, recorreu-se à criação de um novo componente organizado segundo uma arquitectura interna hierarquizada e centralizada, na qual um único módulo (IPT Controller) central comanda vários outros módulos (IPT Node) distribuídos ao longo de toda a rede. Após concluída a implementação, provou-se que o componente é capaz de criar e remover várias reservas de recursos por forma a permitir o transporte multiparty por caminhos específicos na rede. Este mecanismo é também capaz de modificar reservas previamente efectuadas, permitindo que as sessões multimédia sejam capazes de responder às modificações de contexto na rede, actualizando possíveis sessões já existentes com um mínimo de interrupção de serviço possível para utilizadores que não tenham sofrido alterações. Avaliando os resultados obtidos, pode-se também concluir que o impacto do IPT na rede é ligeiro e menor em relação ao dos restantes componentes, pelo que não é um factor decisivo no desempenho global da arquitectura.Today we are witnessing a considerable increase in the demand for services or applications for multiple users (multiparty), such as streaming media content, information sharing, collaboration among users, among others. The support of such services over the Internet proves to be extremely demanding for the existing network architectures, requiring features and functionality completely out of reach of the current networks. Thus, investigation and development of new mechanisms that enable a superior management at this level is necessary. In this context, it is possible to observe an increase in the number of architectures proposed, which are able of integrating the advantages of the IP multicast protocol in the transport and delivery of multimedia content to user groups. Moreover, the inclusion of context information from the network, environment and users, provides a greater customization and adaptation in the decisions necessary to control the network. It in this context that the C-CAST project discussed in this dissertation is included, which tries to specify an architecture capable of integrating a comprehensive amount of context information in order to be able to provide superior dynamic sessions to deliver multimedia content. For the management of the network resources, it is also proposed a mechanism for the transport of multimedia content based on IP multicast. The possibility of path adaptation in the core network based on context information of both users and network is also considered. Is it with the combination of these factors that this project seeks to enable an improved management of the network’s resources. The main objective of this dissertation is then focused on the latter point of the C-CAST project architecture. It proposed the development of an intelligent module capable of allowing multiparty transport and resource reservation, enabling the delivery of multimedia content in a personalized way, independent of network and users capabilities, improving not only the quality of service, as well as quality of experience. In order to implement the proposed solution, a new component was developed, organized according to a hierarchical and centralized architecture in which a single central unit (IPT Controller) is able to command several other modules (IPT Node) deployed throughout the network. It was verified that the developed component is capable of creating and removing the necessary enforcements on the network to enable the multiparty transport through specific data paths. It is also capable of modifying previous enforcements, allowing the multimedia sessions to adapt themselves to context changes avoiding as much as possible to disrupt the existing services to users that were not subjected to modifications. Evaluating the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the overall impact of the IPT component in the network is reduced and considerably less than the one of the remaining components. Hence, the IPT does not have a direct impact on the overall architecture performance

Application of overlay techniques to network monitoring

Measurement and monitoring are important for correct and efficient operation of a network, since these activities provide reliable information and accurate analysis for characterizing and troubleshooting a network’s performance. The focus of network measurement is to measure the volume and types of traffic on a particular network and to record the raw measurement results. The focus of network monitoring is to initiate measurement tasks, collect raw measurement results, and report aggregated outcomes. Network systems are continuously evolving: besides incremental change to accommodate new devices, more drastic changes occur to accommodate new applications, such as overlay-based content delivery networks. As a consequence, a network can experience significant increases in size and significant levels of long-range, coordinated, distributed activity; furthermore, heterogeneous network technologies, services and applications coexist and interact. Reliance upon traditional, point-to-point, ad hoc measurements to manage such networks is becoming increasingly tenuous. In particular, correlated, simultaneous 1-way measurements are needed, as is the ability to access measurement information stored throughout the network of interest. To address these new challenges, this dissertation proposes OverMon, a new paradigm for edge-to-edge network monitoring systems through the application of overlay techniques. Of particular interest, the problem of significant network overheads caused by normal overlay network techniques has been addressed by constructing overlay networks with topology awareness - the network topology information is derived from interior gateway protocol (IGP) traffic, i.e. OSPF traffic, thus eliminating all overlay maintenance network overhead. Through a prototype that uses overlays to initiate measurement tasks and to retrieve measurement results, systematic evaluation has been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and functionality of OverMon. The measurement results show that OverMon achieves good performance in scalability, flexibility and extensibility, which are important in addressing the new challenges arising from network system evolution. This work, therefore, contributes an innovative approach of applying overly techniques to solve realistic network monitoring problems, and provides valuable first hand experience in building and evaluating such a distributed system

Avaliação de controlo de sessões multicast em redes com contexto

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesOs utilizadores pretendem aceder, cada vez mais, a serviços multimédia com requisitos mais exigentes e personalizados. As limitações impostas pelos ambientes existentes (internet, 3G) para fornecer estes serviços levam à procura de melhores soluções, nomeadamente uma gestão eficaz das sessões multiparty. Neste tipo de soluções é normalmente utilizado o multicast, já que este permite reduzir os recursos utilizados, diminuindo o número de pacotes na rede. Contudo, o multicast não está consistente ao nível dos cenários de mobilidade, fundamentais nas redes de próxima geração. Actualmente existe uma vasta gama de tecnologias de acesso sem fios como WiFi, GPRS, UMTS e WiMAX. No futuro estas tecnologias diferentes complementar-se-ão convergindo numa infra-estrutura heterogénea capaz de fornecer um melhor serviço aos utilizadores, denominadas de redes 4G. A evolução dos terminais móveis também permitirá que estes se liguem simultaneamente a várias redes de acesso. Para uma melhor distribuição dos serviços dos utilizadores pelas redes de acesso disponíveis são necessários novos mecanismos de selecção. Uma nova selecção da rede baseada em informação de contexto (entidades e ambiente) tem tido grande relevo na comunidade científica. Assim, aplicações e rede reagem a alterações de contexto para uma melhor selecção da mesma. A dissertação apresentada encontra-se no âmbito do transporte multiparty com informação de contexto e reserva de recursos, permitindo a entrega do conteúdo de uma forma personalizada e com Qualidade de Serviço a vários utilizadores móveis, independentemente da tecnologia de acesso de cada um e da própria tecnologia da rede. Em suma, é utilizada uma arquitectura de rede baseada em informação de contexto e que reage eficazmente a alterações do mesmo. De forma a implementar a proposta apresentada recorreu-se à criação de várias entidades no simulador de redes NS-2. Os resultados foram obtidos usando diferentes cenários, avaliando a influência de cada parâmetro individualmente. Demonstrou-se que a arquitectura implementada permite suportar uma entrega dos conteúdos de uma maneira personalizada e independente da tecnologia utilizada. Obteve-se ainda uma boa gestão dos recursos da rede e uma melhoria na experiência percepcionada pelo utilizador através da selecção total da rede com base numa entidade de controlo central. A introdução do overlay de transporte multiparty melhora o comportamento geral da rede, minimizando as reconfigurações frequentes necessárias.Nowadays, more and more users want to access multimedia services with strong and personalized requirements. The limitations intrinsic to current environments (Internet and 3G) to provide this type of services motivate the research for an efficient management of multiparty sessions. The solution can also be based on multicast implementation, since it reduces resources utilization, decreasing the number of packets in the network. However, current multicast is not a strong solution in mobility scenarios, essential in next generation networks. Currently there is a wide range of wireless access technologies such as WiFi, GPRS, UMTS and WiMAX. In the future, these different technologies will converge in a complementary manner forming a heterogeneous infrastructure able to offer a better service to its users, usually named 4G. The evolution of mobile terminals will also allow them to connect simultaneously to several access networks. In order to a better distribution of the users services throughout available access networks, new selection mechanisms are required. A new network selection based on context information (entities and environments) is having a relevant role in scientific community. So, applications and networks react according to context changes, improving network selection. This Thesis is in the scope of context-aware multiparty transport with resources allocation, allowing the delivery of content in a personalized way with Quality of Service to several users, independently of the technology and the network. Resuming, the solution implements a context-aware network architecture that reacts efficiently to its changes. In order to implement this architecture, new entities were created in the network simulator NS-2. The results were obtained using different scenarios, evaluating the influence of each parameter independently. It was demonstrated that the integration of several components, allows a delivery of contents in a personalized manner and independently of the technology. The results showed a better management of the network resources and users experience, throughout the total network selection, based on a central control unit. The multiparty transport overlay improves the network behaviour, minimizing the necessary frequent reconfigurations

A scalable overlay multicast architecture for large-scale applications

Abstract — In this paper, we propose a Two-tier Overlay Multicast Architecture (TOMA) to provide scalable and efficient multicast support for various group communication applications. In TOMA, Multicast Service Overlay Network (MSON) is advocated as the backbone service domain, while end users in access domains form a number of small clusters, in which an application-layer multicast protocol is used for the communication between the clustered end users. TOMA is able to provide efficient resource utilization with less control overhead, especially for largescale applications. It also alleviates the state scalability problem and simplifies multicast tree construction and maintenance when there are large numbers of groups in the network. To help MSON providers efficiently plan backbone service overlay, we suggest several provisioning algorithms to locate proxies, select overlay links, and allocate link bandwidth. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the promising performance of TOMA. Index Terms — Network architecture and design, multicast, network management I