Joint space aspect reconstruction of wide-angle SAR exploiting sparsity

In this paper we present an algorithm for wide-angle synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation. Reconstruction of wide-angle SAR holds a promise of higher resolution and better information about a scene, but it also poses a number of challenges when compared to the traditional narrow-angle SAR. Most prominently, the isotropic point scattering model is no longer valid. We present an algorithm capable of producing high resolution reflectivity maps in both space and aspect, thus accounting for the anisotropic scattering behavior of targets. We pose the problem as a non-parametric three-dimensional inversion problem, with two constraints: magnitudes of the backscattered power are highly correlated across closely spaced look angles and the backscattered power originates from a small set of point scatterers. This approach considers jointly all scatterers in the scene across all azimuths, and exploits the sparsity of the underlying scattering field. We implement the algorithm and present reconstruction results on realistic data obtained from the XPatch Backhoe dataset

Transporte de explosivos químicos sometidos a procesos de infiltración y evaporación en suelos

Es necesario conocer el destino y el transporte de Compuestos Explosivos Relacionados ( para evaluar la contaminación potencial y para proteger los suministros de agua potable de contaminantes tóxicos, desarrollar estrategias de remediación, y facilitar la detección de explosivos enterrados. En este estudio se desarrollaron seis experimentos para evaluar los efectos de la infiltración y evaporación en el transporte de químicos explosivos. Estos experimentos se realizaron en una columna cilíndrica de 100 cm de longitud empacada con arena homogénea, instrumentada con sensores de presión de aire y agua y puntos de muestreo para monitorear las condiciones hidráulicas y perfiles de concentración de ERCs en el suelo. Esta investigación estudió el comportamiento del transporte de ERCs en el suelo bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales, cuando se sometieron a la advección (movimiento de fluidos). Los resultados mostraron que el transporte de TNT (2,4,6 trinitrotolueno) y DNT (2,4 dinitrotolueno) está influenciado por la disolución (fuente-agua), la volatilización (agua-aire), y las limitaciones en la transferencia de masa por adsorción (agua-suelo). El movimiento hacia abajo con el agua infiltrada por lo general es retardado por procesos de adsorción en los suelos y superficies de contacto aire-agua. El movimiento ascendente del agua durante la evaporación resultó en el movimiento ascendente de ERCs hacia la superficie sueloatmósfera. La evaporación del agua cerca de la superficie del suelo produjo un aumento de la concentración de ERC cerca de la superficie del suelo después de períodos prolongados de evaporación

"Not the Usual Suspects": A Study of Factors Reducing the Effectiveness of CCTV

Previous research on the effectiveness of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) has focused on critically assessing police and government claims that CCTV is effective in reducing crime. This paper presents a field study that investigates the relationship between CCTV system design and the performance of operator tasks. We carried out structured observations and interviews with 13 managers and 38 operators at 13 CCTV control rooms. A number of failures were identified, including the poor configuration of technology, poor quality video recordings, and a lack of system integration. Stakeholder communication was poor, and there were too many cameras and too few operators. These failures have been previously identified by researchers; however, no design improvements have been made to control rooms in the last decade. We identify a number of measures to improve operator performance, and contribute a set of recommendations for security managers and practitioners. Security Journal (2010) 23, 134-154. doi:10.1057/sj.2008.2; published online 6 October 200

Sparse representation-based SAR imaging

There is increasing interest in using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images in automated target recognition and decision-making tasks. The success of such tasks depends on how well the reconstructed SAR images exhibit certain features of the underlying scene. Based on the observation that typical underlying scenes usually exhibit sparsity in terms of such features, we develop an image formation method which formulates the SAR imaging problem as a sparse signal representation problem. Sparse signal representation, which has mostly been exploited in real-valued problems, has many capabilities such as superresolution and feature enhancement for various reconstruction and recognition tasks. However, for problems of complex-valued nature, such as SAR, a key challenge is how to choose the dictionary and the representation scheme for effective sparse representation. Since we are usually interested in features of the magnitude of the SAR reflectivity field, our new approach is designed to sparsely represent the magnitude of the complex-valued scattered field. This turns the image reconstruction problem into a joint optimization problem over the representation of magnitude and phase of the underlying field reflectivities. We develop the mathematical framework for this method and propose an iterative solution for the corresponding joint optimization problem. Our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of this method over previous approaches in terms of both producing high quality SAR images as well as exhibiting robustness to uncertain or limited data

VTAC: Virtual Terrain Assisted Impact Assessment for Cyber Attacks

Overwhelming intrusion alerts have made timely response to network security breaches a difficult task. Correlating alerts to produce a higher level view of intrusion state of a network, thus, becomes an essential element in network defense. This work proposes to analyze correlated or grouped alerts and determine their ‘impact’ to services and users of the network. A network is modeled as ‘virtual terrain’ where cyber attacks maneuver. Overlaying correlated attack tracks on virtual terrain exhibits the vulnerabilities exploited by each track and the relationships between them and different network entities. The proposed impact assessment algorithm utilizes the graph-based virtual terrain model and combines assessments of damages caused by the attacks. The combined impact scores allow to identify severely damaged network services and affected users. Several scenarios are examined to demonstrate the uses of the proposed Virtual Terrain Assisted Impact Assessment for Cyber Attacks (VTAC)