6 research outputs found
Satellite based synthetic aperture radar and optical spatial-temporal information as aid for operational and environmental mine monitoring
A sustainable society is a society that satisfies its resource requirements without endangering the sustainability of these resources. The mineral endowment on the African continent is estimated to be the first or second largest of world reserves. Therefore, it is recognised that the African continent still heavily depends on mineral exports as a key contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP) of various countries. These mining activities, however, do introduce primary and secondary environmental degradation factors. They attract communities to these mining areas, light and heavy industrial establishments occur, giving rise to artisanal activities.
This study focussed on satellite RS products as an aid to a mineâs operations and the monitoring of its environment. Effective operational mine management and control ensures a more sustainable and profitable lifecycle for mines. Satellite based RS holds the potential to observe the mine and its surrounding areas at high temporal intervals, different spectral wavelengths and spatial resolutions. The combination of SAR and optical information creates a spatial platform to observe and measure the mineâs operations and the behaviour of specific land cover and land use classes over time and contributes to a better understanding of the mining activities and their influence on the environment within a specific geographical area.
This study will introduce an integrated methodology to collect, process and analyse spatial information over a specific targeted mine. This methodology utilises a medium resolution land cover base map, derived from Landsat 8, to understand the predominant land cover types of the surrounding area. Using very high resolution mono- and stereoscopic satellite imagery provides a finer scale analysis and identifies changes in features at a smaller scale. Combining these technologies with the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications for precise measurement of surface subsidence or upliftment becomes a spatial toolbox for mine management.
This study examines a combination of satellite remote sensing products guided by a systematic workflow methodology to integrate spatial results as an aid for mining operations and environmental monitoring. Some of the results that can be highlighted is the successful land cover classification using the Landsat 8 satellite. The land cover that dominated the Kolomela mine area was the âSHRUBLAND/GRASSâ class with a 94% coverage and âMINEâ class of 2.6%. Sishen mine had a similar dominated land cover characteristic with a âSHRUBLAND/GRASSâ class of 90% and âMINEâ class of 4.8%. The PlĂ©iades time-series classification analysis was done using three scenes each acquired at a different time interval. The Sishen and Kolomela mine showed especially changes from the bare soil class to the asphalt or mine class. The PlĂ©iades stereoscopic analysis provided volumetric change detection over small, medium, large and recessed areas. Both the Sishen and Kolomela mines demonstrated height profile changes in each selected category. The last category of results focused on the SAR technology to measure within millimetre accuracy the subsidence and upliftment behaviour of surface areas over time. The Royal Bafokeng Platinum tailings pond area was measured using 74 TerraSAR-X scenes. The tailings wall area was confirmed as stable with natural subsidence that occurred in its surrounding area due to seasonal changes of the soil during rainy and dry periods. The Chuquicamata mine as a large open pit copper mine area was analysed using 52 TerraSAR-X scenes. The analysis demonstrated significant vertical surface movement over some of the dumping sites.
It is the wish of the researcher that this dissertation and future research scholars will continue to contribute in this scientific field. These contributions can only assist the mining sector to continuously improve its mining operations as well as its monitoring of the primary as well as the secondary environmental impacts to ensure improved sustainability for the next generation.Environmental SciencesM. Sc. (Environmental Science
Assessing whether rehabilitation programmes from South African mining companies have considered the impacts of climate change
A Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
May 2016The fifth report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has a high confidence level that positive radiative forcing due to anthropogenic influences are causing a warming earth surface, and the largest contributor is CO2. Previous research related to mining and climate change, has been inclined to the development of mitigation measures, further addressing how best the mining sector could reduce greenhouse gas emissions which adversely affect the climate system. Minimal research has focused on adaptation measures. The climate - both present and future - is seen as the most vital determinant of rehabilitation success or failure, specifically rainfall patterns and the temperature. Planning for rehabilitation while taking into account climate change, is the first step to enhancing adaptation, allowing successful and resilient rehabilitation.
This study aimed to assess whether mining companies operating in South Africa have considered the impacts of climate change on mine rehabilitation. The study achieved this with the use of a qualitative research methodology which included detailed content analysis of documents and transcripts from interviews conducted. From graphical representations of likely future scenarios of climate change, it was identified that all mining companies will be exposed to climate change, thus increasing their vulnerability to future impacts. Secondly, it was identified that only three of the investigated policies and guidelines on closure make a specific mention to climate during the rehabilitation process (MMSD, ITRC and CoM). Through the analysis of Sustainability Reports, it became apparent that climate change issues are prioritised in the selected companies; however, these predominantly transpire as mitigation measures (i.e. energy consumption, GHG emissions and water availability) in response to legal requirements already instituted as well as forthcoming legal frameworks. Only two of the investigated companies have considered climate change during the rehabilitation process of the mine lifecycle. Additionally, the interview process revealed further that climate change is being considered, during the operational phase of the mine lifecycle and the responses are mitigation measures to comply with the legal frameworks. Lastly, from the identified case studies which show how physical climate change impacts can be addressed, an identified trend showed informed decision making by interdisciplinary individuals using credible regional data
contributed to some successes. A total of six challenges were identified where after these were seen as strategic components to further catalyse adaptation planning in mine rehabilitation (data sources and management systems, legal framework, collaborations, research and development, funding and sustainability leadership). The findings of this research have created a foundation on which other research, addressing climate change within the South African mining industry, can progress which may further explore the mining company perspective or alternatively the government perspective which was not dealt with thoroughly in this study.M T 201
Use of the cone penetration test to assess the liquefaction potential of tailings storage facilities
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2016The performance in tailings storage facilities (TSFs) of three methods based on the cone penetration test (CPT) to assess liquefaction potential is explored. For two of these methods the investigation highlights potential limitations mostly related with the experimental data that supports some of the equations used by the methods. However, the methodologies yielded mostly correct performance predictions when implemented on TSF case histories in which an undrained response is believed to have occurred. The positive performance of both methodologies must be tempered by the limitations identified in the methods.
The steady state line (SSL) is an input of the third method considered. Accordingly, the correlation between the SSL and soil index parameters was investigated using a database of 151 non-plastic soiltypes compiled from data previously reported in the literature. The SSLs were modelled in void ratio (e) - mean effective stress (p') space, using a logarithmic equation. The y-intercept of the SSL is termed Î, and the slope is termed λ. A direct, and linear (R2 = 0.74) correlation between the minimum void ratio (emin) and Î was found. Although previous research has explored the effect of non-plastic fines on the SSL, the analysis presented herein shows that the Î-emin correlation is independent of fines content. The correlation is also independent of the angularity of the particles provided that these are bulky, as opposed to platy. A direct λ-emin correlation was also found; however this correlation is much weaker and probably obscured by uncertainties in void ratio measurements.
Triaxial testing was conducted to determine the SSLs of three tailings soiltypes obtained from a single TSF. The trends observed in the resulting SSLs are in agreement with the Î-emin and λ-emin correlations from the database.
An assessment was made of the sensitivity of the third method, which is based on a state parameter (Ï), to variations in λ throughout a single TSF. It was found that in some TSFs, the variations of λ are small enough to be disregarded without significantly affecting the accuracy of Ï. However, in other TSFs it is necessary to estimate how λ varies throughout the deposit.
iiiCK201
Investigation of flowslides from the failure of mine tailings' dams.
Progress to further understand the complex nature of the flowslides has, in the past, been restricted by a shortage of good quality experimental and field data. This thesis describes a series of small scale laboratory flowslide experiments, using a realistic test material of fine sand and water, which was performed to elucidate aspects of this phenomenon.
Following initiation of the flowslide, liquefaction of the static material occurred and the flowslide accelerated under the influence of gravitational driving forces without any segregation of the components of the two-phase material. It was observed that movement of the flowing material was not arrested 'en masse', but unsteady deposition of sand and pore fluid at the lower flow boundary occurred, being dependent on deceleration of the flowslide. This resulted in thinning of the flowing layer. The rate of deposition also increased with the solid volume concentration of the flowing material. The final stages of flowslide motion were influenced by the presence of surface water derived from consolidated material.
It was established that excess pore pressures were present during flowslide motion. Within the limitations of experimental measurement, the magnitude of these excess pore water pressures at the lower flow boundary was such that the intergranular friction was sufficiently reduced to allow motion. This reduction of intergranular friction explained the fluid-like motion observed at bed slopes lower than the equilibrium slope of the granular fluid. Some shear resistance mechanism other than Coulomb friction must therefore play an important role in bringing the flowslide to a halt
Ătude de l'impact de la sĂ©gĂ©gation hydraulique des rĂ©sidus miniers sur la performance de la technique de la nappe phrĂ©atique surelevĂ©e
La gestion des rejets de concentrateur ou rĂ©sidus miniers constitue lâun des dĂ©fis majeurs de lâindustrie miniĂšre. Les millions de tonnes de rejets de concentrateur sont produits par la mine et dĂ©posĂ©s dans des parcs Ă rĂ©sidus. Ces rejets de concentrateur peuvent contenir des sulfures mĂ©talliques qui deviennent sujets Ă lâoxydation en contact avec lâair et lâeau. Lorsque la quantitĂ© des minĂ©raux neutralisant prĂ©sents dans les rĂ©sidus miniers est insuffisante, du drainage minier acide (DMA) peut ĂȘtre produit. Dans ce cas, des mesures prĂ©ventives de la gĂ©nĂ©ration du DMA doivent ĂȘtre mis en place pour constituer une barriĂšre Ă lâeau et/ou lâoxygĂšne. LâefficacitĂ© dâune mĂ©thode de prĂ©vention du DMA dans les rĂ©gions Ă climat humide comme le QuĂ©bec se base sur sa capacitĂ© dâempĂȘcher la migration de lâoxygĂšne Ă travers le recouvrement afin quâil nâatteigne pas les rejets de concentrateur sous-jacents. La technique de nappe phrĂ©atique surĂ©levĂ©e (NPS) combinĂ©e Ă une couverture monocouche est une des mĂ©thodes de prĂ©vention utilisĂ©es Ă cette fin.
Le dĂ©pĂŽt des rĂ©sidus miniers selon la mĂ©thode conventionnelle sous forme de pulpe est souvent accompagnĂ© par une sĂ©grĂ©gation hydraulique. Ces rĂ©sidus, aprĂšs leur dĂ©pĂŽt, se caractĂ©risent par des propriĂ©tĂ©s physiques, hydrogĂ©otechniques, chimiques et minĂ©ralogiques hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes entre le point de dĂ©pĂŽt et lâĂ©tang dâeau. Or, ces caractĂ©ristiques contrĂŽlent les flux dâeau et dâoxygĂšne entrant la surface des rĂ©sidus. Dans le cadre de la rĂ©habilitation des sites miniers oĂč la sĂ©grĂ©gation a eu lieu, la conception des mesures de contrĂŽle du DMA devrait tenir compte de lâeffet de cette sĂ©grĂ©gation sur les flux dâoxygĂšne atteignant la surface des rĂ©sidus miniers potentiellement gĂ©nĂ©rateur dâacide (PGA).
Lâobjectif de cette Ă©tude est dâĂ©tudier lâeffet de la sĂ©grĂ©gation hydraulique sur lâefficacitĂ© de la technique de la nappe phrĂ©atique surĂ©levĂ©e. Pour cela, lâĂ©tude a Ă©valuĂ© la distribution spatiale de la rĂ©activitĂ© des rĂ©sidus miniers et ensuite les flux dâeau et dâoxygĂšne entrant Ă la surface des rĂ©sidus dans diffĂ©rentes positions le long de la direction de dĂ©pĂŽt, de la zone de la plage jusquâĂ la zone de dĂ©cantation. Le parc Ă rĂ©sidus 3 Est du site Doyon/Westwood constitue le site principal de cette Ă©tude. La technique de NPS avec couverture monocouche construite avec des rĂ©sidus non PGA est une des options de restauration envisagĂ©e pour ce site. Sachant que la sĂ©grĂ©gation hydraulique peut survenir aussi pour les rĂ©sidus dâune couverture monocouche utilisĂ©e en combinaison avec la technique de la nappe phrĂ©atique surĂ©levĂ©e, les travaux ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s au niveau de la couverture monocouche constituĂ©e des rĂ©sidus Goldex non potentiellement gĂ©nĂ©rateur dâacide du parc 3 du site Manitou/Goldex. Des essais de consommation dâoxygĂšne (CO) in-situ, des mesures de teneurs en eau volumiques et des succions sur le terrain et des observations in-situ, ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s dans quatre et six stations, respectivement, dans le parc Ă rĂ©sidus 3 Est du site Doyon/Westwood et le parc 3 du site Manitou/Goldex, le long de la ligne de dĂ©pĂŽt des rĂ©sidus miniers. En outre, des Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s de chaque station (jusquâĂ 1,25 m de profondeur) pour caractĂ©riser les rĂ©sidus et effectuer des essais de CO en laboratoire. Ă lâissue des observations des Ă©chantillons et des caractĂ©risations physiques et minĂ©ralogiques, une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© latĂ©rale et verticale des matĂ©riaux a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es dans toute les stations des deux parcs.
Les essais CO en laboratoire et in-situ de longue durĂ©e (14 jours) ont Ă©tĂ© interprĂ©tĂ©s numĂ©riquement Ă lâaide du code POLLUTEv7 et du couplage des codes SEEP/W-CTRAN/W pour dĂ©terminer le coefficient taux de rĂ©action des rĂ©sidus miniers dans chaque station le long de la direction de dĂ©pĂŽt. Les rĂ©sultats des essais CO in-situ dans le parc 3 du site Manitou/Goldex ont montrĂ© que la concentration dâoxygĂšne durant la pĂ©riode dâessai Ă©tait presque invariable dans toutes les stations de mesure. Ce rĂ©sultat est principalement attribuĂ© Ă la non-rĂ©activitĂ© de ces rĂ©sidus (taux de rĂ©action Kr est nulle). Les rĂ©sultats de lâinterprĂ©tation des essais CO in-situ et en laboratoire, rĂ©alisĂ©s dans le parc 3 est du site Doyon/Westwood, ont permis dâobtenir des valeurs du taux de rĂ©action Kr relativement similaires. Ces rĂ©sultats ont aussi montrĂ© que le taux de rĂ©action Kr varie dâune station Ă lâautre. En effet, Kr dĂ©croit en fonction de la distance Ă partir du point de dĂ©pĂŽt.
En se basant sur les rĂ©sultats des essais de CO in situ, un modĂšle numĂ©rique validĂ© et calibrĂ© a Ă©tĂ© construit par couplage des codes SEEP/W-CTRAN/W pour Ă©valuer respectivement les flux dâeau et dâoxygĂšne entrant Ă la surface des rejets de concentrateur le long de la direction de leur Ă©coulement, lorsque les rĂ©sidus miniers du parc 3 Est du site Doyon/Westwood sont exposĂ©s Ă lâatmosphĂšre. Dans ce modĂšle, la variation verticale de la nature des matĂ©riaux observĂ©e sur 1,25 m a Ă©tĂ© prise en considĂ©ration. Par la suite, un modĂšle simplifiĂ© (en considĂ©rant seulement les rĂ©sidus non oxydĂ©s rĂ©actifs sur toute lâĂ©paisseur) du parc 3 Est du site Doyon/Westwood a Ă©tĂ© construit oĂč trois types de rĂ©sidus miniers potentiellement gĂ©nĂ©rateurs dâacide (PGA) qui reprĂ©sentent la zone de la plage, intermĂ©diaire et de dĂ©cantation ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finis sur toute lâĂ©paisseur du modĂšle. Des modĂ©lisations numĂ©riques ont alors Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es avec ce modĂšle simplifiĂ© dans le cas oĂč les rĂ©sidus (PGA) sont sans recouvrement et avec un recouvrement monocouche. Dans ce dernier cas, il sâagit de modĂ©liser la technique de la nappe phrĂ©atique surĂ©levĂ©e combinĂ©e Ă une couverture monocouche. Pour une couverture monocouche dâune Ă©paisseur de 0,5 m, des profondeurs initiales de la nappe phrĂ©atique de 0, 0,5, 1 Ă 2 m au-dessous lâinterface rĂ©sidus-couverture dans chaque simulation numĂ©rique. Deux types de recouvrement en monocouche ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s: les rĂ©sidus non gĂ©nĂ©rateurs dâacide sĂ©grĂ©guĂ©s de Goldex et les rĂ©sidus dĂ©sulfurĂ©s de Westwood non gĂ©nĂ©rateurs dâacide considĂ©rĂ©s ici homogĂšnes. Lâeffet de lâĂ©paisseur de la couverture monocouche a aussi Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e en testant quatre Ă©paisseurs : 0,5, 1, 2 et 3 m. Toutes ces modĂ©lisations ont portĂ© sur une pĂ©riode de 214 jours (du 1 avril au 30 Octobre 2019). Les rĂ©sultats des simulations numĂ©riques sont prĂ©sentĂ©s en termes dâĂ©volution temporelle du degrĂ© de saturation (obtenus avec SEEP/W) et du flux dâoxygĂšne (obtenus avec CTRAN/W) Ă la surface des rĂ©sidus PGA (ou Ă lâinterface rĂ©sidus-couverture) dans les trois zones du parc Ă rĂ©sidus 3 Est du site Doyon/Westwood. La variation du flux annuel (sur 214 jours) cumulĂ© dâoxygĂšne Ă travers le parc Ă rĂ©sidus est aussi prĂ©sentĂ©e.
Dans les conditions testĂ©es, ces rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les flux dâeau et dâoxygĂšne dĂ©pendent fortement des propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques des rĂ©sidus, de la position de la nappe et des propriĂ©tĂ©s hydriques des rĂ©sidus. Les rĂ©sultats ont ainsi indiquĂ© une large diffĂ©rence des flux entre les trois zones du parc Ă rĂ©sidus (avec ou sans couverture monocouche). LâĂ©cart du flux dâoxygĂšne entre les trois zones augmente Ă©galement avec la profondeur de la nappe phrĂ©atique. Dans le cas oĂč la nappe phrĂ©atique est profonde, la zone de la plage constitue la zone la plus risquĂ©e qui laisse passer le flux annuel dâoxygĂšne le plus Ă©levĂ© Ă la surface des rĂ©sidus miniers Ă©tudiĂ©s. NĂ©anmoins, lorsque la nappe phrĂ©atique est proche de la surface, la zone de dĂ©cantation montre le flux dâoxygĂšne le plus Ă©levĂ© surtout sous les conditions de sĂ©cheresse prolongĂ©e pour le cas dâune couverture monocouche constituĂ©e de rĂ©sidus dĂ©sulfurĂ©s de Westwood en raison de sa forte sensibilitĂ© aux effets de lâĂ©vaporation. Lorsque la monocouche est constituĂ©e des rĂ©sidus sĂ©grĂ©guĂ©s de Goldex, ces derniers ont une forte capacitĂ© dâempĂȘcher lâĂ©vaporation et Ă maintenir un degrĂ© de saturation Ă©levĂ©e mĂȘme sous les conditions de sĂ©cheresse prolongĂ©e pour une nappe phrĂ©atique proche de la surface des rĂ©sidus. Par consĂ©quent, la configuration la plus efficace pour limiter les flux dâoxygĂšne dans les rĂ©sidus du site Doyon/Westwood est de maintenir le niveau de la nappe phrĂ©atique proche de lâinterface rĂ©sidus-couverture avec la mise en place de couverture monocouche constituĂ©e des rĂ©sidus de Goldex dâune Ă©paisseur de 0,5 m.
Cette Ă©tude a permis de montrer lâinfluence de plusieurs facteurs induits par la sĂ©grĂ©gation hydraulique et le type de matĂ©riau dĂ©posĂ© (le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, par ex. les boues) sur la performance de la technique de la nappe phrĂ©atique surĂ©levĂ©e combinĂ©e Ă une monocouche. En se basant sur les rĂ©sultats obtenus, une procĂ©dure de conception de cette technique pour les parcs avec des rĂ©sidus sĂ©grĂ©guĂ©s a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©e. De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, pour Ă©viter la complexitĂ© de la conception des mĂ©thodes de restauration avec recouvrements dâun parc Ă rĂ©sidus existant, on recommande la mise en place de rĂ©sidus miniers non sĂ©grĂ©gant pour constituer la couverture en monocouche. Pour une nouvelle mine, le dĂ©pĂŽt de rĂ©sidus densifiĂ©s non sĂ©grĂ©gant de maniĂšre Ă assurer une homogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© horizontale des propriĂ©tĂ©s contribuerait Ă faciliter lâapplication des mĂ©thodes de restauration
Political economy of crisis, mining and accumulation in Zimbabwe : evidence from the Chegutu Mhondoro Area.
Ph.D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2013.This thesis has its foundations in a 2007 masterâs research on the political economy of
âillegalâ gold panning in central Zimbabwe. A book chapter (Moore and Mawowa, 2010) and
a journal article (Mawowa, 2013) have since resulted from that work. The former work
argues that illegal gold panning demonstrates a distinctive pattern of accumulation
characterising post-2000 Zimbabwe. Four aspects of this pattern are identified namely, i) the
link between coercion, chaos and disorder and wealth accumulation and political power
retention, ii) the role of the state in this imbroglio, in particular, its pervasiveness and
centrality, iii) that this pattern was shaped by and has remodelled the acquisitive instincts of
Zimbabweâs ruling elite and iv) a culture of âstrategic contradictionsâ within ruling elites
abets this pattern of accumulation.
This thesis does not move substantially from this premise. Instead, it recasts these
observations within a much broader scope. While the Masters work was restricted to a very
small area, this work looks at a much bigger area and in fact much further away from the area
of MA research. While retaining the focus on political economy of mining, this work goes
beyond illegal gold panning to encompass what is generally defined as artisanal and small
scale (gold) mining (ASM) in the Chegutu Mhondoro area. Since this is an area where
successful platinum mining is also taking place, it was opportune and indeed relevant to
extend the question of political economy to this sector. This is not to suggest that there is a
direct link (formal or informal) between ASM and platinum mining other than proximity.
However, evidence presented in this thesis is telling in terms of the commonality between the
two with regards to the four aspects of Zimbabweâs post-2000 regime of accumulation