247 research outputs found

    Spatial-spectral flexible optical networking:enabling switching solutions for a simplified and efficient SDM network platform

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    The traffic carried by core optical networks grows at a steady but remarkable pace of 30-40% year-over-year. Optical transmissions and networking advancements continue to satisfy the traffic requirements by delivering the content over the network infrastructure in a cost and energy efficient manner. Such core optical networks serve the information traffic demands in a dynamic way, in response to requirements for shifting of traffics demands, both temporally (day/night) and spatially (business district/residential). However as we are approaching fundamental spectral efficiency limits of singlemode fibers, the scientific community is pursuing recently the development of an innovative, all-optical network architecture introducing the spatial degree of freedom when designing/operating future transport networks. Spacedivision- multiplexing through the use of bundled single mode fibers, and/or multi-core fibers and/or few-mode fibers can offer up to 100-fold capacity increase in future optical networks. The EU INSPACE project is working on the development of a complete spatial-spectral flexible optical networking solution, offering the network ultra-high capacity, flexibility and energy efficiency required to meet the challenges of delivering exponentially growing traffic demands in the internet over the next twenty years. In this paper we will present the motivation and main research activities of the INSPACE consortium towards the realization of the overall project solution

    Joint Core and Spectrum Allocation in Dynamic Optical Networks with ROADMs with No Line Changes

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    Producción CientíficaFuture metro networks will connect many multiaccess edge computing resources (MEC) working in a coordinating fashion to provide users with cloud computing capabilities with very low latency. That highly distributed computing architecture has to be connected by a network that provides high bandwidth and flexibility. Elastic optical networks (EONs) are currently the best option to perform that task. In a next step of optical network evolution, EONs can increase the bandwidth that they provide by using multicore fibers (MCF). When dynamic optical circuits are established in these networks, the routing, core and spectrum assignment (RCSA) problem must be solved. In this paper, two algorithms are presented in order to solve the RCSA problem considering continuity constraints in both the spectrum and the core (as we consider a cost-effective metro network architecture based on ROADMs without line changes). One of these versions explores the full spectrum of all cores in order to grant the best solution when solving the RCSA problem. The results of a simulation study show that exploring all the cores when solving the RCSA problem can reduce the blocking ratio of those networks and, therefore, increase its performance at the expense of a slight increment of the computing time required to provide a solution.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad. Project ONOFRE-2 (TEC2017-84423-C3-1-P) and the research network Go2Edge (RED2018-102585-T)EU H2020 MSCA Programme under grant agreement no. 953442European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project DISRUPTIVE of the cooperation programme Interreg V-A Spain-Portugal (POCTEP) 2014-2020

    Contributions to network planning and operation of Flex-Grid/SDM optical core networks

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    Premi Extraordinari de Doctorat, promoció 2018-2019. Àmbit de les TICThe ever demanding bandwidth requirements for supporting emerging telecom services such as ultra-high-definition video streaming, cloud computing, connected car, virtual/augmented reality, etc., bring to the fore the necessity to upgrade continuously the technology behind transport networks in order to keep pace with this exponential traffic growth. Thus, everything seems to indicate that fixed-grid Wavelength-Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks will be upgraded by adopting a flexible-grid, thus providing finer bandwidth allocation granularities, and therefore, increasing the Grade-of-Service by packing more information in the same spectral band of standard Single-Mode Fibers (SMFs). Nevertheless, unfortunately, the fundamental Shannon’s limit of SMFs is rapidly approaching, and, then, the research efforts to increase the SMFs' capacity will be useless. One solution to overcome this capacity crunch effect is to enable one extra dimension in addition to the frequency one, namely, the spatial dimension, thus deploying S parallel paths in order to multiply, in the best case, by S the capacity of SMF-based networks. However, additionally, it is necessary to decrease the cost and energy per bit in order to provide economically attractive solutions. For this purpose, a smooth upgrade path has to be carried out as new integrated devices and system components are developed for Space Division Multiplexing (SDM). This thesis is concentrated on the planning and operation of the combined flexible WDM and SDM networks (i.e., Flex-Grid/SDM networks) proposing several strategies aimed at optimizing network resources usage with hardware complexity analysis. For this purpose, firstly, network problems are carefully studied and stated, and then, mathematical and/or heuristic algorithms are designed and implemented in an optical network simulator. Specifically, after an introduction to the thesis, chapter 2 presents the background and related work. Next, chapter 3 concentrates on the study of spatially fixed Flex-Grid/SDM networks, i.e., when a rigid number of spatial channels are reserved per allocated traffic demand. In its turn, chapter 4 studies the case of Spectrally-Spatially Flexible Optical Networks (SS-FONs), as the ones providing the upper-bound network capacity. Costs and hardware requirements implied on providing this flexibility are analyzed. Network nodes aimed at reducing the cost of SS-FONs are presented and evaluated in chapter 5. Finally, this thesis ends with the presentation of the main contributions and future research work in chapter 6.La demanda de ancho de banda cada vez más exigente para soportar servicios de telecomunicación emergentes tales como la transmisión de video de alta calidad, computación en la nube, vehículo conectado, realidad virtual/aumentada, etc.…, ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de actualizar constantemente la tecnología detrás de las redes de transporte óptico con la finalidad de ir a la par de este incremento exponencial del tráfico. De esta manera, todo parece indicar que las redes basadas en la multiplexación por division de longitud de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) de ancho espectral fijo serán actualizadas adoptando un ancho de banda espectral flexible, que ofrece asignaciones de ancho de banda con granularidad más fina acorde a las demandas de tráfico; y por lo tanto, incremanta el Grado de Servicio de la red, ya que se permite acomodar mayor información en la misma banda espectral de las fibras monomodo (Single Mode Fibers, SMFs). Sin embargo, desafortunadamente, el límite de Shannon de las fibras monomodo se está aproximando cada vez más, y cuando esto ocurra las investigaciones para incrementar la capacidad de las fibras monomodo serán infructuosas. Una posible solución para superar este colapso de las fibras monomodo es habilitar la dimensión espacial a más de la frecuencial, desplegando � caminos paralelos con la finalidad de multiplicar por � (en el mejor de los casos) la capacidad de las fibras monomodo. No obstante, es necesario disminuir el costo y la energía por bit con la finalidad de proveer soluciones comerciales atractivas. Para tal propósito debe llevarse a cabo una actualización moderada conforme nuevos dispositivos y componentes integrados son desarrollados para la implementación de la tecnología basada en la multiplexación por división de espacio (Space Division Multiplexing, SDM). Esta tesis se concentra en la planificación y operación de la combinación de las redes WDM flexibles y SDM (es decir, de las redes Flex-Grid/SDM) proponiendo varias estrategias dirigidas a optimizar el uso de los recursos de red junto con el análisis de la complejidad del hardware que viene acompañada. Para este fin, primeramente, los problemas de red son cuidadosamente estudiados y descritos. A continuación, se han diseñado e implementado algoritmos basados en programación lineal entera o heurísticas en un simulador de redes ópticas. Después de una introducción inicial, el capítulo 2 de esta tesis presenta el marco teórico sobre los conceptos tratados y los trabajos publicados anteriormente. A continuación, el capítulo 3 se concentra en el estudio de las redes Flex-Grid/SDM con la dimensión espacial rígida; es decir, cuando un número fijo de canales espaciales son reservados por cada demanda de tráfico establecida. Por su parte, el capítulo 4 estudia las redes Flex-Grid/SDM considerando flexibilidad tanto en el dominio espacial como espectral (Spectrally and Spatially Flexible Optical Networks, SS-FONs), las cuales proveerían la capacidad máxima de las redes SDM. Adicionalmente, los costos y requerimientos de hardware implicados en la provisión de esta flexibilidad son analizados. El capítulo 5 presenta la evaluación de nodos orientados a reducir los costos de las SS-FONs. Finalmente, el capítulo 6 expone las principales contribuciones y las posibles líneas de trabajo futuroEls requisits incessants d’ample de banda per al suport de nous serveis de telecomunicació, com poden ser la difusió en directe de vídeo de molt alta definició, la informàtica en el núvol, els cotxes intel·ligents connectats a la xarxa, la realitat virtual/augmentada, etc…, han exigit una millora contínua de les tecnologíes de les actuals xarxes de transport de dades. Tot sembla indicar que les xarxes de transport òptiques actuals, basades en la tecnologia de multiplexació per divisió de longitud d’ona (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) sobre un grid espectral rígid, hauran de ser reemplaçades per tecnologies òptiques més flexibles, amb una granularitat més fina a l’hora de suportar noves connexions, incrementat el grau de servei de les xarxes gràcies a aprofitament major de l’ample de banda espectral proporcionat per les fibres òptiques monomode (Single Mode Fibers, SMFs). Tanmateix, estem exhaurint ja la capacitat màxima de les fibres òptiques SMF segons ens indica el límit fonamental de Shannon. Per tant, qualsevol esforç enfocat a millorar la capacitat d’aquestes xarxes basades en SMFs pot acabar sent infructuós. Una possible solució per superar aquestes limitacions de capacitat és explorar la dimensió espacial, a més de l’espectral, desplegant camins en paral·lel per tal de multiplicar per , en el millor cas, la capacitat de les SMFs. Tot i això, és necessari reduir el cost i el consum energètic per bit transmès, per tal de proporcionar solucions econòmicament viables. Amb aquest propòsit, pot ser necessària una migració progressiva, a mesura que es desenvolupen nous dispositius i components per aquesta nova tecnologia de multiplexació per divisió espacial (Spatial Division Multiplexing, SDM). La present tesi es centra en la planificació i operació de xarxes òptiques de nova generació que combinin tecnologies de xarxa WDM flexible i SDM (és a dir, xarxes Flex-Grid/SDM), proposant estratègies per a l’optimització de l’ús dels recursos de xarxa i, en definitiva, el seu cost (CapEx). Amb aquest propòsit, s’analitzen en primer moment els problemes adreçats. Tot seguit, es dissenyen algorismes per tal de solucionar-los, basats en tècniques de programació matemàtica i heurístiques, els quals s’implementen i es proven en un simulador de xarxa òptica. Després d’una introducció inicial, el capítol 2 d’aquesta tesi presenta tots els conceptes tractats i treballs relacionats publicats amb anterioritat. Tot seguit, el capítol 3 es centra en l’estudi de les xarxes Flex-Grid/SDM fixes en el domini espai, és a dir, on sempre es reserva un nombre rígid de canals espacials per qualsevol demanda suportada. El capítol 4 estudia les xarxes flexibles en els dominis espectrals i espacials (Spectrally-Spatially Flexible Optical Nextworks, SS-FONs), com aquelles que poden proporcionar una capacitat de xarxa màxima. En aquest context, s’analitzen els requeriments en termes de cost i hardware per tal de proporcionar aquesta flexibilitat. Llavors, en el capítol 6 es presenten opcions de node de xarxa capaces de reduir els costos de les xarxes SS-FONs. Finalment, en el capítol 7 es repassen totes les contribucions de la tesi, així com posibles línies de treball futurAward-winningPostprint (published version

    Route, modulation format, MIMO and spectrum assignment in Flex-Grid/MCF transparent optical core networks

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    In this paper, we target an optimal multiple-input multiple-output digital signal processing (MIMO-DSP) assignment to super-channels affected by intercore crosstalk (ICXT) in multicore fiber (MCF) enabled transparent optical core networks. MIMO-DSP undoes ICXT effects, but can be costly with high core density MCFs. Hence, its implementation in the network must be carefully decided. We address our objective as a joint route, modulation format, MIMO and spectrum assignment (RMMSA) problem, for which integer linear programming formulations are provided to optimally solve it in small network scenarios. Moreover, several heuristic approaches are also proposed to solve large-scale problem instances with good accuracy. Their goal is to minimize both network spectral requirements and the amount of MIMO equalized super-channels, taking a crosstalk-free space division multiplexing (SDM) solution as a reference, for example, based on parallel single mode fibers [i.e., a multifiber (MF) scenario]. For our evaluation, we consider several state-of-the-art MCF prototypes and different network topologies. The obtained results, with the considered MCFs, disclose that in national backbone networks, the desirable percentage of super-channels with MIMO equalization to match the performance of an equivalent crosstalk-free SDM solution ranges from 0% to 36, while in continental-wide networks this range raises from 0% to 56%. In addition, in the case of a nonideal MIMO (with a 3 dB/km of crosstalk compensation), such percentages range from 0% to 28% and from 0% to 45% in national and continental-wide backbone networks, respectively, experimenting a performance gap up to 12% with respect to the MF reference scenario.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Resource Allocation for Space Division Multiplexing:Optical White Box vs. Optical Black Box Networking

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    Design, monitoring and performance evaluation of high capacity optical networks

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    Premi Extraordinari de Doctorat, promoció 2018-2019. Àmbit de les TICInternet traffic is expected to keep increasing exponentially due to the emergence of a vast number of innovative online services and applications. Optical networks, which are the cornerstone of the underlying Internet infrastructure, have been continuously evolving to carry the ever-increasing traffic in a more flexible, cost-effective, and intelligent way. Having these three targets in mind, this PhD thesis focuses on two general areas for the performance improvement and the evolution of optical networks: i) introducing further cognition to the optical layer, and ii) introducing new networking solutions revolutionizing the optical transport infrastructure. In the first part, we present novel failure detection and identification solutions in the optical layer utilizing the optical spectrum traces captured by cost-effective coarse-granular Optical Spectrum Analyzers (OSA). We demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed solutions for detecting and identifying filter-related failures in the context of Spectrum-Switched Optical Networks (SSON), as well as transmitter-related laser failures in Filter-less Optical Networks (FON). In addition, at the subsystem level we propose an Autonomic Transmission Agent (ATA), which triggers local or remote transceiver reconfiguration by predicting Bit-Error-Rate (BER) degradation by monitoring State-of-Polarization (SOP) data obtained by coherent receivers. I have developed solutions to push further the performance of the currently deployed optical networks through reducing the margins and introducing intelligence to better manage their resources. However, it is expected that the spectral efficiency of the current standard Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) based optical network approaches the Shannon capacity limits in the near future, and therefore, a new paradigm is required to keep with the pace of the current huge traffic increase. In this regard, Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) is proposed as the ultimate solution to address the looming capacity crunch with a reduced cost-per-bit delivered to the end-users. I devote the second part of this thesis to investigate different flavors of SDM based optical networks with the aim of finding the best compromise for the realization of a spectrally and spatially flexible optical network. SDM-based optical networks can be deployed over various types of transmission media. Additionally, due to the extra dimension (i.e., space) introduced in SDM networks, optical switching nodes can support wavelength granularity, space granularity, or a combination of both. In this thesis, we evaluate the impact of various spectral and spatial switching granularities on the performance of SDM-based optical networks serving different profiles of traffic with the aim of understanding the impact of switching constraints on the overall network performance. In this regard, we consider two different generations of wavelength selective switches (WSS) to reflect the technology limitations on the performance of SDM networks. In addition, we present different designs of colorless direction-less, and Colorless Directionless Contention-less (CDC) Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADM) realizing SDM switching schemes and compare their performance in terms of complexity and implementation cost. Furthermore, with the aim of revealing the benefits and drawbacks of SDM networks over different types of transmission media, we preset a QoT-aware network planning toolbox and perform comparative performance analysis among SDM network based on various types of transmission media. We also analyze the power consumption of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Digital Signal Processing (DSP) units of transceivers operating over three different types of transmission media. The results obtained in the second part of the thesis provide a comprehensive outlook to different realizations of SDM-based optical networks and showcases the benefits and drawbacks of different SDM realizations.Se espera que el tráfico de Internet siga aumentando exponencialmente debido a la continua aparición de gran cantidad de aplicaciones innovadoras. Las redes ópticas, que son la piedra angular de la infraestructura de Internet, han evolucionado continuamente para transportar el tráfico cada vez mayor de una manera más flexible, rentable e inteligente. Teniendo en cuenta estos tres objetivos, esta tesis doctoral se centra en dos áreas cruciales para la mejora del rendimiento y la evolución de las redes ópticas: i) introducción de funcionalidades cognitivas en la capa óptica, y ii) introducción de nuevas estructuras de red que revolucionarán el transporte óptico. En la primera parte, se presentan soluciones novedosas de detección e identificación de fallos en la capa óptica que utilizan trazas de espectro óptico obtenidas mediante analizadores de espectros ópticos (OSA) de baja resolución (y por tanto de coste reducido). Se demuestra la efectividad de las soluciones desarrolladas para detectar e identificar fallos derivados del filtrado imperfecto en las redes ópticas de conmutación de espectro (SSON), así como fallos relacionados con el láser transmisor en redes ópticas sin filtro (FON). Además, a nivel de subsistema, se propone un Agente de Transmisión Autónomo (ATA), que activa la reconfiguración del transceptor local o remoto al predecir la degradación de la Tasa de Error por Bits (BER), monitorizando el Estado de Polarización (SOP) de la señal recibida en un receptor coherente. Se han desarrollado soluciones para incrementar el rendimiento de las redes ópticas mediante la reducción de los márgenes y la introducción de inteligencia en la administración de los recursos de la red. Sin embargo, se espera que la eficiencia espectral de las redes ópticas basadas en fibras monomodo (SMF) se acerque al límite de capacidad de Shannon en un futuro próximo, y por tanto, se requiere un nuevo paradigma que permita mantener el crecimiento necesario para soportar el futuro aumento del tráfico. En este sentido, se propone el Multiplexado por División Espacial (SDM) como la solución que permita la continua reducción del coste por bit transmitido ante ése esperado crecimiento del tráfico. En la segunda parte de esta tesis se investigan diferentes tipos de redes ópticas basadas en SDM con el objetivo de encontrar soluciones para la realización de redes ópticas espectral y espacialmente flexibles. Las redes ópticas basadas en SDM se pueden implementar utilizando diversos tipos de medios de transmisión. Además, debido a la dimensión adicional (el espacio) introducida en las redes SDM, los nodos de conmutación óptica pueden conmutar longitudes de onda, fibras o una combinación de ambas. Se evalúa el impacto de la conmutación espectral y espacial en el rendimiento de las redes SDM bajo diferentes perfiles de tráfico ofrecido, con el objetivo de comprender el impacto de las restricciones de conmutación en el rendimiento de la red. En este sentido, se consideran dos generaciones diferentes de conmutadores selectivos de longitud de onda (WSS) para reflejar las limitaciones de la tecnología en el rendimiento de las redes SDM. Además, se presentan diferentes diseños de ROADM, independientes de la longitud de onda, de la dirección, y sin contención (CDC) utilizados para la conmutación SDM, y se compara su rendimiento en términos de complejidad y coste. Además, con el objetivo de cuantificar los beneficios e inconvenientes de las redes SDM, se ha generado una herramienta de planificación de red que prevé la QoT usando diferentes tipos de fibras. También se analiza el consumo de energía de las unidades DSP de los transceptores MIMO operando en redes SDM con tres tipos diferentes de medios de transmisión. Los resultados obtenidos en esta segunda parte de la tesis proporcionan una perspectiva integral de las redes SDM y muestran los beneficios e inconvenientes de sus diferentes implementacionesAward-winningPostprint (published version

    Space continuity constraint in dynamic Flex-Grid/SDM optical core networks: An evaluation with spatial and spectral super-channels

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    Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) appears as a promising solution to overcome the capacity limits of single-mode optical fibers. In Flex-Grid/SDM optical networks, nodes offering full interconnection between input/output fiber ports and spatial channels, typical SDM-Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (SDM-ROADM) referred to as independent switching with lane support (InS with LC support), require very complex and expensive node architectures. Alternative designs have been proposed to relax their requirements, such as those realizing Joint-switching (JoS) by switching one spectrum slice across all spatial channels at once. In this work, we evaluate the benefits of a cost-effective SDM-ROADM architecture that makes a trade-off between (i) performance in terms of network throughput and (ii) architectural complexity by forcing the Space Continuity Constraint (SCC) end-to-end, that is, along the connection physical path. The performance and architectural complexity of such a SDM-ROADM solution are compared in dynamic Flex-Grid/SDM scenarios against benchmark networks based on InS with LC support and JoS SDM-ROADMs, under both spatial and spectral super-channels. We quantify the network throughput when scaling the spatial multiplicity from 7 to 30 spatial channels, considering Multi-Fiber (MF) as well as Multi-Core Fiber (MCF) SDM solutions. The obtained results reveal that differences in terms of network throughput employing InS without LC support SDM-ROADMs is merely up to 14% lower than InS with LC support SDM-ROADMs, while the network CAPEX can be dramatically reduced by 86%. In contrast, networks employing InS without LC support SDM-ROADMs carry up to 40% higher throughput than JoS ones, whereas the network CAPEX can be raised up to 3×. This paper also analyses the spatial multiplicity impact on both network metrics (throughput and CAPEX).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
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