48 research outputs found
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Quarantine: Legal Reform for 21st Century Crises
Legal authority for quarantine predates the American Revolution, and was implicitly authorized by the Constitution. State and federal quarantine law remained static during the latter half of the 20th century despite expansive interpretations of procedural due process rights. After the events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent anthrax murders, lawmakers and academics began developing new laws and regulations to address threats such as bioterrorism and pandemic disease. The sweeping powers of these new laws and regulations faced harsh criticism from civil libertarians. This paper discusses legal authority for quarantine up through the early 20th century, the 20th century Supreme Court jurisprudence limiting future quarantine powers, the post-9/11 attempts to reform state and federal quarantine law, and the criticism those attempts have faced
Disaster management and its economic implications
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte im Bereich des
Katastrophenmanagements in der Operational Research Literatur aufzuzeigen.
Katastrophenmanagement umfasst in diesem Zusammenhang einerseits Naturkatastrophen
wie geophysikalische und hydro-meteorologische Katastrophen, technologische Katastrophen
wie industrielle Unfälle, Transportunfälle und sonstige Unfälle, und andererseits die
verschiedenen Formen des Terrorismus, allgemeinen Terrorismus sowie Bioterrorismus. Da
die Anzahl und das AusmaĂź von Katastrophen immer weiter zunehmen ist auch eine immer
größere Notwendigkeit für die Entwicklung, den Einsatz und die wirtschaftliche Beurteilung
der jeweiligen Strategien gegeben.
Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit gibt einen Ăśberblick ĂĽber die Literatur im Bereich des
Katastrophenmanagements und umfasst Simulation, Katastrophenmanagement in
Krankenhäusern und die Rolle von Versicherungen im Katastrophenmanagementprozess. Im
zweiten Teil wird eine Taxonomie entwickelt, deren Kategorien auf den Modellen und
Ergebnissen der Literatur beruhen. Einerseits werden allgemeine Modelleigenschaften wie die
Ebene im Katastrophenmanagementprozess, der Modelltyp und die Anwendungsgebiete der
Modelle untersucht. Andererseits stellen die Art der Intervention und die Anwendbarkeit fĂĽr
die unterschiedlichen Katastrophenklassen weitere Kategorien der Taxonomie dar. Es wurden
90 Artikel, die beispielhaft fĂĽr die Forschungsrichtungen im Bereich des
Katastrophenmanagements der letzten 25 Jahre stehen, ausgewählt, und entsprechend den
jeweiligen Kategorien der Taxonomie zugeordnet.
Das Hauptaugenmerk der Taxonomie liegt auf der wirtschaftlichen Analyse, die
wirksamkeitsbezogene, ressourcenbezogene und kostenbezogene Parameter umfasst. Es wird
gezeigt ob und welche wirtschaftliche Analyse wie beispielsweise die Kosten-Nutzwert-
Analyse, die Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse und die Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse angewendet
wird um die in den Artikeln beschriebenen Interventionen zu evaluieren.
Es wird gezeigt, dass erhebliche Verbesserungen fĂĽr die verschiedenen Katastrophentypen
und in den verschiedenen Situationen erzielt werden können. Eingeschränkte
Datenverfügbarkeit schränkt in vielen Fällen die Einsetzbarkeit der Modelle in realen
Situationen ein. Im Allgemeinen ist erkennbar, dass Kooperation und Koordination zwischen
den beteiligten Einheiten ausschlaggebend fĂĽr den zeitgerechten und effizienten Einsatz der knappen Ressourcen sind. Oftmals erzielt der gemeinsame Einsatz mehrerer MaĂźnahme ein
deutlich besseres Ergebnis als der Einsatz von lediglich einem einzigen Instrument.
Die Taxonomie unterstreicht dass trotz der groĂźen FĂĽlle an Literatur im Bereich des
Katastrophenmanagements nur wenige Autoren auf die Kosten-Nutzwert-Analyse, die
Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse und die Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse als Hilfsmittel zur
wirtschaftlichen Analyse zurĂĽckgreifen. In Zukunft, um Interventionen erfolgreich evaluieren
zu können oder die beste aus mehreren Interventionen bestimmen zu können wird es immer
wichtiger werden, diese Art von wirtschaftlichen Analysen anzuwenden.This thesis intends to demonstrate current research directions in the field of disaster management in the Operational Research literature. Disaster management in this context comprises the management of natural, such as geophysical and hydro-meteorological, and technological disasters, such as industrial accidents, transportation accidents, and
miscellaneous accidents, as well as the management of the different terrorism forms, general
terrorism and bioterrorism. As the occurrence of disasters is getting more and more frequent
and the accumulated loss of these events is getting higher and higher, there is a strong need
for the development, implication and economic evaluation of strategies to counter these
disasters.
In the first part of the thesis, a general overview of the literature is given, including a focus on
simulation, disaster management in hospitals, and the role of insurances in the disaster
management process. The second part encompasses the taxonomy which focuses on models
and outcomes presented in the literature. As a result of the review of the literature, appropriate
categories for the disaster management taxonomy are derived. On the one hand, an overview
of general model features, i.e., the level of disaster management, model type and methods of
application is given. On the other hand, the type of intervention used and the practicability for
different disaster types are discussed. 90 papers, illustrative main examples of the research
directions of the last 25 years, were selected for deeper investigation and classified according
to the main criteria analyzed in the articles.
The main focus of the taxonomy lies on the economic analysis, which encompasses
effectiveness-related, resource-related, and cost-related parameters and shows the type of
economic analysis used in the literature. We analyze whether economic analysis, i.e., costutility,
cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit are used to investigate different interventions and
what type of analysis has been chosen by the authors.
Policy implications and results show that considerable improvements can be achieved for
different disastrous events and in different situations. Limited data availability constrains the
outcomes of the models and their applicability to real-world situations. In general,
cooperation and coordination of the entities involved are crucial to guarantee timely and efficient assignment of scarce resources. Furthermore, different authors confirm that a
combination of various measures often achieves a better outcome than if tools are used
autonomously.
The taxonomy has underlined that although there exists a vast disaster management literature
dealing with various problems related to mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery
from disasters, there are only a few authors evaluating the actions taken through economic
analyses such cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, or cost-benefit analysis.
In the future, to be able to evaluate interventions, or to figure out the most effective
intervention among several interventions, it is crucial to stronger rely on the abovementioned
economic analyses
Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health in the Age of Bioterrorism, 2005
Examines ten key indicators to evaluate state preparedness to respond to bioterrorist attacks and other public health emergencies. Evaluates the federal government's role and performance, and offers recommendations for improving readiness
Pediatric Terrorism Preparedness National Guidelines and Recommendations: Findings of an Evidenced-based Consensus Process
A cadre of experts and stakeholders from government agencies, professional organizations, emergency medicine and response, pediatrics, mental health, and disaster preparedness were gathered to review and summarize the existing data on the needs of children in the planning, preparation, and response to disasters or terrorism. This review was followed by development of evidence-based consensus guidelines and recommendations on the needs of children in disasters, including chemical, biological, and radiological terrorism. An evidence-based consensus process was used in conjunction with a modified Delphi approach for selection of topic areas and discussion points. These recommendations and guidelines represent the first national evidence-based standards for pediatric disaster and terrorism preparedness
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Pediatric Terrorism Preparedness National Guidelines and Recommendations: Findings of an Evidenced-based Consensus Process
A cadre of experts and stakeholders from government agencies, professional organizations, emergency medicine and response, pediatrics, mental health, and disaster preparedness were gathered to review and summarize the existing data on the needs of children in the planning, preparation, and response to disasters or terrorism. This review was followed by development of evidence-based consensus guidelines and recommendations on the needs of children in disasters, including chemical, biological, and radiological terrorism. An evidence-based consensus process was used in conjunction with a modified Delphi approach for selection of topic areas and discussion points. These recommendations and guidelines represent the first national evidence-based standards for pediatric disaster and terrorism preparedness
Using Computer Simulation Modeling To Evaluate The Bioterrorismresponse Plan At A Local Hospital Facility
The terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 and the subsequent anthrax mail attack have forced health care administrators and policy makers to place a new emphasis on disaster planning at hospital facilities--specifically bioterrorism planning. Yet how does one truly prepare for the unpredictable? In spite of accreditation requirements, which demand hospitals put in to place preparations to deal with bioterrorism events, a recent study from the General Accounting Office (GAO) concluded that most hospitals are still not capable of dealing with such threats (Gonzalez, 2004). This dissertation uses computer simulation modeling to test the effectiveness of bioterrorism planning at a local hospital facility in Central Florida, Winter Park Memorial Hospital. It is limited to the response plan developed by the hospital\u27s Emergency Department. It evaluates the plan\u27s effectiveness in dealing with an inhalational anthrax attack. Using Arena computer simulation software, and grounded within the theoretical framework of Complexity Science, we were able to test the effectiveness of the response plan in relation to Emergency Department bed capacity. Our results indicated that the response plan\u27s flexibility was able to accommodate an increased patient load due to an attack, including an influx of the worried well. Topics of future work and study are proposed
Ready or Not? Protecting the Public's Health in the Age of Bioterrorism, 2006
Examines ten key indicators to evaluate state preparedness to respond to bioterrorist attacks and other public health emergencies. Evaluates the federal government's role and performance, and offers recommendations for improving readiness
Literature Review - the vaccine supply chain
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent the outbreak of an infectious disease. This medical intervention also brings about many logistical quest
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Pediatric Preparedness for Disasters and Terrorism: A National Consensus Conference: Executive Summary
In a time of crisis, it is essential to ensure the needs of children are being met in planning and preparing for disasters and terrorist events. The current adult models and guidelines cannot be applied to the care of children. We convened experts from the multiple areas of expertise and disciplines involved in the planning for and care of children during times of disaster and terrorist events. The goals of this unprecedented meeting were to: 1) Build collaboration among individuals with expertise in pediatrics, pediatric emergency medicine, pediatric critical care, pediatric surgery, and emergency management, including disaster planning, management, and response; 2) Review and summarize the existing data on the needs of children in disasters, including planning, preparation, and response; 3) Develop consensus on the needs of children in disasters; 4) Create a research agenda to address knowledge gaps based on the limited data that exist on the needs of children in disasters