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A Knowledge-Based Expert Systems Primer and Catalog
For more than 20 years, artificial intelligence techniques have been applied to the development of computer programs that solve difficult problems. Although several expert systems are well known, it is all too easy to circumscribe the field based on these few examples. The purpose of this paper is to present the fundamentals of the field (the Primer), and to give a broad overview via concise descriptions of many rule-based expert systems and knowledge engineering frameworks (the Catalog)
Artificial Intelligence and Human Error Prevention: A Computer Aided Decision Making Approach: Technical Report No. 4: Survey and Analysis of Research on Learning Systems from Artificial Intelligence
Coordinated Science Laboratory was formerly known as Control Systems LaboratoryU.S. Department of Transportation / DOT FA79WA-4360 ABFederal Aviation Administratio
Second generation knowledge based systems in habitat evaluation.
Many expert, or knowledge-based, systems have been constructed in the
domain of ecology, several of which are concerned with habitat evaluation.
However, these systems have been geared to solving particular problems, with little
regard paid to the underlying relationships that exist within a biological system. The
implementation of problem-solving methods with little regard to understanding the
more primary knowledge of a problem area is referred to in the literature as
'shallow', whilst the representation and utilisation of knowledge of a more
fundamental kind is termed 'deep'.
This thesis contains the details of a body of research exploring issues that
arise from the refinement of traditional expert systems methodologies and theory via
the incorporation of depth, along with enhancements in the sophistication of the
methods of reasoning (and subsequent effects on the mechanisms of communication
between human and computer), and the handling of uncertainty.
The approach used to address this research incorporates two distinct aspects.
Firstly, the literature of 'depth', expert systems in ecology, uncertainty, and control
of reasoning and related user interface issues are critically reviewed, and where
inadequacies exist, proposals for improvements are made. Secondly, practical work
has taken place involving the construction of two knowledge based systems, one
'traditional', and the other a second generation system. Both systems are primarily
geared to the problem of evaluating a pond site with respect to its suitability for the
great crested newt (Triturus cristatus).
This research indicates that it is possible to build a second-generation
knowledge-based system in the domain of ecology, and that construction of the
second generation system required a magnitude of effort similar to the firstgeneration
system. In addition, it shows that, despite using different architectures
and reasoning strategies, such systems may be judged as equally acceptable by endusers,
and of similar accuracy in their conclusions. The research also offers
guidance concerning the organisation and utilisation of deep knowledge within an
expert systems framework, in both ecology and in other domains that have a similar
concept-rich nature
An experimental study and evaluation of a new architecture for clinical decision support - integrating the openEHR specifications for the Electronic Health Record with Bayesian Networks
Healthcare informatics still lacks wide-scale adoption of intelligent decision
support methods, despite continuous increases in computing power and
methodological advances in scalable computation and machine learning, over
recent decades. The potential has long been recognised, as evidenced in the
literature of the domain, which is extensively reviewed.
The thesis identifies and explores key barriers to adoption of clinical decision
support, through computational experiments encompassing a number of technical
platforms. Building on previous research, it implements and tests a novel platform
architecture capable of processing and reasoning with clinical data. The key
components of this platform are the now widely implemented openEHR electronic
health record specifications and Bayesian Belief Networks.
Substantial software implementations are used to explore the integration of
these components, guided and supplemented by input from clinician experts and
using clinical data models derived in hospital settings at Moorfields Eye Hospital.
Data quality and quantity issues are highlighted. Insights thus gained are used to
design and build a novel graph-based representation and processing model for the
clinical data, based on the openEHR specifications. The approach can be
implemented using diverse modern database and platform technologies.
Computational experiments with the platform, using data from two clinical
domains – a preliminary study with published thyroid metabolism data and a
substantial study of cataract surgery – explore fundamental barriers that must be
overcome in intelligent healthcare systems developments for clinical settings. These
have often been neglected, or misunderstood as implementation procedures of
secondary importance. The results confirm that the methods developed have the
potential to overcome a number of these barriers.
The findings lead to proposals for improvements to the openEHR
specifications, in the context of machine learning applications, and in particular for
integrating them with Bayesian Networks. The thesis concludes with a roadmap for
future research, building on progress and findings to date