2,124 research outputs found
Concepts, Mechanisms, and Algorithms to Measure the Potential of Container Sharing in Seaport Hinterland Transportation
This thesis analyzes how trucking companies of a hinterland region can improve their routes if shipping companies allow the mutual exchange of their containers. In this case, trucking companies that are assigned by shipping companies cooperate by sharing information regarding which locations empty containers are currently stacked. These containers can then be integrated into a vehicle's route of any operating trucking company in the hinterland. The investigation aims at measuring the quantitative potential of the container sharing idea by means of problem settings illustrating realistic hinterland regions of a seaport. As a first step, the impact of street turns on the transportation costs of a trucking company should be measured. By forbidding or allowing the use of street turns for a single trucking company, the potential of the container sharing idea can be indicated, and the interrelation of empty container movements and transportation costs can be shown. As a further step, the benefit of exchanging empty containers between several trucking companies needs to be analyzed. In doing so, it is possible to investigate the potential and realistic limits of container sharing
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μ λ°μ κ³Ό νλ¬Έμ λ°μ μ΄ ν¨κ» μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λνλ€.After containerization, maritime logistics experienced the substantial growth of trade volumes and led to globalization and industrial development. However, in proportion to the increase in the volume, the degree of container imbalance also intensified due to the disparity between importing and exporting sizes at ports in different continents. A group of researchers is digging into resolving this ongoing challenge, and a new concept of a container, called a foldable container, has been proposed. Nevertheless, foldable containers are still in the early stage of commercialization, and research on the various effects of using foldable containers seems insufficient yet.
This dissertation considers the possible effects of the introduction of foldable containers. First, we analyze the effect of foldable containers on crane operation and reduce shifts from a global perspective. Second, the effect of using foldable containers in hinterland areas was analyzed by noting that the application of foldable containers on land was different from that of the sea. Finally, we provided new insights into the foldable container under plausible dynamic situations in the shipping industry during the COVID-19 and logistics that have increased since the 2008 financial crisis.
A brief explanation of containerization and foldable containers is introduced in Chapter 1, along with the dissertation's motivations, contributions, and outlines. Chapter 2 examines changes in crane operation when the 'top stowing rule' that can be treated with foldable containers is applied and shows that global optimization is more effective than local optimization. In addition, we suggested the cost-sharing method to deal with fairness issues for additional costs between ports when the global optimization method is fully introduced. Chapter 3 shows that foldable containers in the hinterland have the effect of changing routes in addition to reducing transportation space and analyzes how the results change according to various scenarios and policies. Chapter 4 analyzes the effectiveness of foldable containers for different dynamic situations. Moreover, the managerial insight was derived that the optimal number of foldable containers suitable for each situation can be obtained and responded to leasing policies. Chapter 5 describes the conclusions of this dissertation and discusses future research.
The problem definition and solution methods proposed in this dissertation can be seen as meaningful in both academic and industrial aspects. For academia, we presented real-world problems in the field and suggested ways to solve problems effectively. For industry, we offered solutions through quantification and modeling for real problems related to foldable containers. We expect that industrial development and academic achievement can be achieved together through this dissertation.Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Containerization and foldable container 1
1.2 Research motivations and contributions 3
1.3 Outline of the dissertation 6
Chapter 2 Efficient stowage plan with loading and unloading operations for shipping liners using foldable containers and shift cost-sharing 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Literature review 10
2.3 Problem definition 15
2.4 Mathematical model 19
2.4.1 Mixed-integer programming model 19
2.4.2 Cost-sharing 24
2.5 Computational experiment and analysis 26
2.6 Conclusions 34
Chapter 3 Effects of using foldable containers in hinterland areas 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Single depot repositioning problem 39
3.2.1 Problem description 40
3.2.2 Mathematical formulation of the single depot repositioning problem 42
3.2.3 Effects of foldable containers 45
3.3 Multi-depot repositioning problem 51
3.4 Computational experiments 56
3.4.1 Experimental design for the SDRP 57
3.4.2 Experimental results for the SDRP 58
3.4.3 Major and minor effects with the single depot repositioning problem 60
3.5 Conclusions 65
Chapter 4 Effect of foldable containers in dynamic situation 66
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Problem description 70
4.3 Mathematical model 73
4.4 Computational experiments 77
4.4.1 Overview 77
4.4.2 Experiment results 79
4.5 Conclusions 88
Chapter 5 Conclusion and future research 90
Bibliography 94
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ 99λ°
Assessing the eco-efficiency benefits of empty container repositioning strategies via dry ports
Trade imbalances and global disturbances generate mismatches in the supply and demand of empty containers (ECs) that elevate the need for empty container repositioning (ECR). This research investigated dry ports as a potential means to minimize EC movements, and thus reduce costs and emissions. We assessed the environmental and economic effects of two ECR strategies via dry portsβstreet turns and extended free temporary storageβconsidering different scenarios of collaboration between shipping lines with different levels of container substitution. A multiparadigm simulation combined agent-based and discrete-event modelling to represent flows and estimate kilometers travelled, CO2 emissions, and costs resulting from combinations of ECR strategies and scenarios. Full ownership container substitution combined with extended free temporary storage at the dry port (FTDP) most improved ECR metrics, despite implementation challenges. Our results may be instrumental in increasing shipping linesβ collaboration while reducing environmental impacts in up to 32 % of the inland ECR emissions
Using Blockchain to Sustainably Manage Containers in International Shipping
This paper investigates how blockchain technology can improve information flows on empty container repositioning at an inter-organizational level in the shipping industry. By adopting a theory-generating design science research approach, we develop and evaluate an industry-wide blockchain artefact, named Greenbox Platform, where container owners can register, trade and share containers. It brings efficiency for shipping companies via cost reduction through minimizing the need for empty container repositioning, and effectiveness for leasing companies via container proof of ownership. The paper contributes to its application domain by a practical, theory-driven and novel application of blockchain technology to the shipping industry. Theorizing on its development and evaluation, the paper provides preliminary groundwork for two nascent design principles: 1) Explicitly define a structure of incentives for interorganizational and cross-industrial blockchain applications where stakeholdersβ interests are not necessarily aligned; and 2) Consider environmental sustainability as a non-functional requirement in the development of a blockchain artefact
Strategies to increase port competitiveness
Improving the competitiveness of local businesses and their products within worldwide markets is a vital element for the long-term economic growth of a region. This paper presents a summary of ongoing research needs and outcomes formulated from a partnership between the University of Queensland and the Port of Brisbane Pty Ltd (PBPL), in order to facilitate international trade growth in Queensland and improve PBPLβs competitiveness. As part of this partnership with PBPL, we explore strategies to overcome inefficiencies in supply chain and infrastructure and discuss subsequent prospects for further investigation. The key goals of the partnership program for transport-related issues have been identified as: (i) providing a platform for freight actors trading through the port, in order to increase the performance of their logistics operations by adopting cooperative strategies; (ii) exploring modal shift opportunities to enhance the sustainability and the efficiency of the logistics operations of importers and exporters; (iii) facilitating improved inland supply chains for local export commodities through new trans-shipment points, back-loading opportunities, and logistics cost minimisation
A multi-stage approach for empty container repositioning under coordination among linear carriers
This paper studies the empty container repositioning (ECR) problem considering the exchange of slots and empty containers among liner shipping companies. It is common for an individual shipping company to seek an optimal solution for ECR and cargo routing to maximize its own benefits. To achieve cooperation among shipping companies, a multi-stage solution strategy is proposed. With the inverse optimization technique, the guide leasing prices of slots and empty containers among shipping companies are derived considering the schedule of vessels and cargo routing. Based on the guide leasing price, a cooperative model is formulated to minimize the total cost, which includes the transportation cost for laden containers, the inventory holding cost, the container leasing cost, and the repositioning cost. All the involved shipping companies are expected to follow the best solution of ECR and cargo routing to achieve a cooperative and stable optimum. A real-world shipping network operated by three liner shipping companies is used as a case study with promising numerical results
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곡νκ³Ό, 2021. 2. λ¬ΈμΌκ²½.Due to a remarkable surge in global trade volumes led by maritime transportation, shipping companies should make a great effort in managing their container flows especially in case of carrier-owned containers. To do so, they comprehensively implement empty container management strategies and accelerate the flows in a cost- and time-efficient manner to minimize total relevant costs while serving the maximal level of customers demands. However, many critical issues in container flows universally exist due to high uncertainty in reality and hinder the establishment of an efficient container supply chain.
In this dissertation, we fully discuss such issues and provide mathematical models along with specific solution procedures. Three types of container supply chain are presented in the following: (i) a two-way four-echelon container supply chain; (ii) a laden and empty container supply chain under decentralized and centralized policies; (iii) a reliable container supply chain under disruption. These models explicitly deal with high risks embedded in a container supply chain and their computational experiments offer underlying managerial insights for the management in shipping companies.
For (i), we study empty container management strategy in a two-way four-echelon container supply chain for bilateral trade between two countries. The strategy reduces high maritime transportation costs and long delivery times due to transshipment. The impact of direct shipping is investigated to determine the number of empty containers to be repositioned among selected ports, number of leased containers, and route selection to satisfy the demands for empty and laden containers for exporters and importers in two regions. A hybrid solution procedure based on accelerated particle swarm optimization and heuristic is presented, and corresponding results are compared.
For (ii), we introduce the laden and empty container supply chain model based on three scenarios that differ with regard to tardiness in the return of empty containers and the decision process for the imposition of fees with the goal of determining optimal devanning times. The effectiveness of each type of policy - centralized versus decentralized - is determined through computational experiments that produce key performance measures including the on-time return ratio. Useful managerial insights on the implementation of these polices are derived from the results of sensitivity analyses and comparative studies.
For (iii), we develop a reliability model based on container network flow while also taking into account expected transportation costs, including street-turn and empty container repositioning costs, in case of arc- and node-failures. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to analyze the impact of disruption on container supply chain networks, and a benchmark model was used to determine disruption costs. More importantly, some managerial insights on how to establish and maintain a reliable container network flow are also provided.ν΄μ μμ‘μ΄ μ£Όλν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μ μΈκ³ 무μλμ΄ κΈμ¦νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ νμ¬ μμ 컨ν
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Contents ii
List of Tables vi
List of Figures viii
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Empty Container Repositioning Problem 1
1.2 Reliability Problem 3
1.3 Research Motivation and Contributions 4
1.4 Outline of the Dissertation 7
2. Two-Way Four-Echelon Container Supply Chain 8
2.1 Problem Description and Literature Review 8
2.2 Mathematical Model for the TFESC 15
2.2.1 Overview and Assumptions 15
2.2.2 Notation and Formulation 19
2.3 Solution Procedure for the TFESC 25
2.3.1 Pseudo-Function-based Optimization Problem 25
2.3.2 Objective Function Evaluation 28
2.3.3 Heuristics for Reducing the Number of Leased Containers 32
2.3.4 Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization 34
2.4 Computational Experiments 37
2.4.1 Heuristic Performances 39
2.4.2 Senstivity Analysis of Varying Periods 42
2.4.3 Senstivity Analysis of Varying Number of Echelons 45
2.5 Summary 48
3. Laden and Empty Container Supply Chain under Decentralized and Centralized Policies 50
3.1 Problem Description and Literature Review 50
3.2 Scenario-based Model for the LESC-DC 57
3.3 Model Development for the LESC-DC 61
3.3.1 Centralized Policy 65
3.3.2 Decentralized Policies (Policies I and II) 67
3.4 Computational Experiments 70
3.4.1 Numerical Exmpale 70
3.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Varying Degree of Risk in Container Return 72
3.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Increasing L_0 74
3.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis of Increasing t_r 76
3.4.5 Sensitivity Analysis of Decreasing es and Increasing e_f 77
3.4.6 Sensitivity Analysis of Discounting γpnγ_{f1} and γpnγ_{f2} 78
3.4.7 Sensitivity Analysis of Different Container Fleet Sizes 79
3.5 Managerial Insights 81
3.6 Summary 83
4. Reliable Container Supply Chain under Disruption 84
4.1 Problem Description and Literature Review 84
4.2 Mathematical Model for the RCNF 90
4.3 Reliability Model under Disruption 95
4.3.1 Designing the Patterns of q and s 95
4.3.2 Objective Function for the RCNF Model 98
4.4 Computational Experiments 103
4.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Expected Failure Costs 106
4.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Different Network Structures 109
4.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Demand-Supply Variation 112
4.4.4 Managerial Insights 115
4.5 Summary 116
5. Conclusions and Future Research 117
Appendices 120
A Proof of Proposition 3.1 121
B Proof of Proposition 3.2 124
C Proof of Proposition 3.3 126
D Sensitivity Analyses for Results 129
E Data for Sensitivity Analyses 142
Bibliography 146
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ 157
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