The Tension Between Privacy and Security

A Review of President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, Liberty and Security in a Changing World, 2013 and United Nations Office of the High Commissioner, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Privacy, Joseph A. Cannataci, 2016

The Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Article 51: Inherent Rights and Unmet Responsibilities

This Note argues that the Security Council has not met its responsibility to restore international peace and security in Bosnia, and that it therefore must rescind Resolution 713 as it pertains to Bosnia. Part I provides a background of the events surrounding the outbreak of conflict in Bosnia, and introduces the standard by which the United Nations may preempt a member state\u27s right to self-defense. Part I also presents the international human rights documents that are relevant to the conflict. Part II examines U.N. attempts to restore international peace and security in Bosnia. Part III argues that the continuation of massive human rights violations necessitates that the United Nations either immediately and effectively implement its resolutions, or lift the arms embargo and permit Bosnia to exercise its Article 51 right to self-defense. This Note concludes that the Security Council\u27s failure to restore international peace and security and to satisfy the Article 51 criteria for terminating a member state\u27s right to self-defense undermines the ability of the United Nations to respond to future conflicts

Microdosimetric concepts relevant to HZE-particles

The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles i s determined by the extreme microscopic concentrations of energy transfer in the vicinity of the particle tracks. The concept of linear energy transfer fails to describe this situation adequately. The more rigorous microdosimetric concepts are presented. A simplified treatment, based on the radial distribution of energy around the track core, is then considered

Reconceptualizing States of Emergency under International Human Rights Law: Theory, Doctrine and Politics

States of emergency are today one of the most serious challenges to the implementation of international human rights law (IHRL). They have become common practice and are associated with severe human rights violations as evidenced by the Arab Spring. The international jurisprudence on states of emergency is inconsistent and divergent, and what now constitutes a public emergency is ubiquitous. This trend is underpinned by excessive judicial deference and abdication of the legal review of states\u27 often dubious claims of a state of emergency. The legal regime, as positively expressed in international human rights treaties, does not adequately reflect the underlying theory and politics of emergency situations. The renaissance of IHRL as an effective constraint and regulator of states of emergency requires the articulation of a more holistic understanding and a new approach to the legal doctrine. This Article seeks to provide an enriched account of the international law on states of emergency, which can be reconciled with both theory and practice, and which will better protect human rights from regression in times of emergency

The Three Theme Special Rapporteurs of the UN Commission on Human Rights

In March 1982, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights initiated the appointment of a Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions. The Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions has done far more than merely study that grave human rights problem; he has received complaints about impending and past executions, issued appeals to governments about threatened executions and the need to investigate past killings, and reported publicly on much of his activity. The Commission on Human Rights not only has renewed the Special Rapporteur on Summary or Arbitrary Executions in its subsequent annual sessions, but has followed this precedent by appointing in 1985 a similar Special Rapporteur on Torture and in 1986 a Special Rapporteur on Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief