Evaluation of the immune response to RTS,S/AS01 and RTS,S/AS02 adjuvanted vaccines : randomized, double-blind study in malaria-naïve adults

This phase II, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the immunogenicity of RTS, S vaccines containing Adjuvant System AS 01 or AS 02 as compared with non-adjuvanted RTS, S in healthy, malaria-naive adults (NCT00443131). Thirty-six subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to receive RTS, S/AS 01, RTS, S/AS 02, or RTS, S/saline at months 0, 1, and 2. Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) and hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigens were assessed and cell-mediated immune responses evaluated by flow cytometry using intracellular cytokine staining on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Anti-CS antibody avidity was also characterized. Safety and reactogenicity after each vaccine dose were monitored. One month after the third vaccine dose, RTS, S/AS 01 (160.3 EU/mL [95%CI: 114.1-225.4]) and RTS, S/AS 02 (77.4 EU/mL (95%CI: 47.3-126.7)) recipients had significantly higher anti-CS antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) than recipients of RTS, S/saline (12.2 EU/mL (95%CI: 4.8-30.7); P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0011, respectively). The anti-CS antibody GMT was significantly higher with RTS, S/AS 01 than with RTS, S/AS 02 (P = 0.0135). Anti-CS antibody avidity was in the same range in all groups. CS- and HBs-specific CD4(+) T cell responses were greater for both RTS, S/AS groups than for the RTS, S/saline group. Reactogenicity was in general higher for RTS, S/AS compared with RTS, S/saline. Most grade 3 solicited adverse events (AEs) were of short duration and grade 3 solicited general AEs were infrequent in the 3 groups. No serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, in comparison with non-adjuvanted RTS, S, both RTS, S/AS vaccines exhibited better CS-specific immune responses. The anti-CS antibody response was significantly higher with RTS, S/AS 01 than with RTS, S/AS 02. The adjuvanted vaccines had acceptable safety profiles

Multilevel RTS in proton irradiated CMOS image sensors manufactured in a deep submicron technology

A new automated method able to detect multilevel random telegraph signals (RTS) in pixel arrays and to extract their main characteristics is presented. The proposed method is applied to several proton irradiated pixel arrays manufactured using a 0.18um CMOS process dedicated to imaging. Despite the large proton energy range and the large fluence range used, similar exponential RTS amplitude distributions are observed. A mean maximum amplitude independent of displacement damage dose is extracted from these distributions and the number of RTS defects appears to scale well with total nonionizing energy loss. These conclusions allow the prediction of RTS amplitude distributions. The effect of electric field on RTS amplitude is also studied and no significant relation between applied bias and RTS amplitude is observed

Measuring the speed of the conscious components of recognition memory: Remembering is faster than knowing.

Three experiments investigated response times (RTs) for remember and know responses in recognition memory. RTs to remember responses were faster than RTs to know responses, regardless of whether the remember–know decision was preceded by an old/new decision (two-step procedure) or was made without a preceding old/new decision (one-step procedure). The finding of faster RTs for R responses was also found when remember–know decisions were made retrospectively. These findings are inconsistent with dual-process models of recognition memory, which predict that recollection is slower and more effortful than familiarity. Word frequency did not influence RTs, but remember responses were faster for words than for nonwords. We argue that the difference in RTs to remember and know responses reflects the time taken to make old/new decisions on the basis of the type of information activated at test

Using Adobe Flash Lite on mobile phones for psychological research: reaction time measurement reliability and inter-device variability

Mobile telephones have significant potential for use in psychological research, possessing unique characteristics—not least their ubiquity—that may make them useful tools for psychologists. We examined whether it is possible to measure reaction times (RTs) accurately using Adobe Flash Lite on mobile phones. We ran simple and choice RT experiments on two widely available mobile phones, a Nokia 6110 Navigator and a Sony Ericsson W810i, using a wireless application protocol (WAP) connection to access the Internet from the devices. RTs were compared within subjects with those obtained using a Linux-based millisecond-accurate measurement system. Results show that measured RTs were significantly longer on mobile devices, and that overall RTs and distribution of RTs varied across device

Separation of random telegraph signals from 1/f noise in MOSFETs under constant and switched bias conditions

The low-frequency noise power spectrum of small dimension MOSFETs is dominated by Lorentzians arising from random telegraph signals (RTS). The low-frequency noise is observed to decrease when the devices are periodically switched 'off'. The technique of determining the statistical lifetimes and amplitudes of the RTS by fitting the signal level histogram of the time-domain record to two-Gaussian histograms has been reported in the literature. This procedure is then used for analysing the 'noisy' RTS along with the device background noise, which turned out to be 1/f noise. The 1/f noise of the device can then be separated from the RTS using this procedure. In this work, RTS observed in MOSFETs, under both constant and switched biased conditions, have been investigated in the time domain, Further, the 1/f noise in both the constant and the switched biased conditions is investigated