Routing Protocols Evaluation Review in Simple and Cloud Environment

In the field of information technology there are many computer jargons like cloud computing Ad-hoc, Software Define Network (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) , and virtual machine (VM), etc. This review paper is basically a blend of brief study and review of many routing protocols used for Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANET) in the cloud as well as in simple network environment i.e. without cloud computing. This paper would also suggest the different challenges that are facing in cloud computing. The description of the different network simulators used in networking like NS2 tool, Opnet and Cisco packet tracer. The different metrics that are used in the networking are briefly explained. MANET is a group of wireless nodes that do not need centralized controlling entity as it rapidly moveschanges and forms networks to the nearest networking nodes

ISP Probing Reduction with Anaximander

peer reviewedSince the early 2000's, Internet topology discovery has been an active research topic, providing data for various studies such as Internet modeling, network management, or to assist and support network protocol design. Within this research area, ISP mapping at the router level has attracted little interest despite its utility to perform intra-domain routing evaluation. Since Rocketfuel (and, to a smaller extent, mrinfo), no new tool or method has emerged for systematically mapping intra-domain topologies. In this paper, we introduce Anaximander, a new efficient approach for probing and discovering a targeted ISP in particular. Considering a given set of vantage points, we implement and combine several predictive strategies to mitigate the number of probes to be sent without sacrificing the ISP coverage. To assess the ability of our method to efficiently retrieve an ISP map, we rely on a large dataset of ISPs having distinct nature and demonstrate how Anaximander can be tuned with a simple parameter to control the trade-off between coverage and probing budget

Targeted Attack through Network Fingerprinting

peer reviewedNowadays, simple tools such as traceroute can be used by attackers to acquire topology knowledge remotely. Worse still, attackers can use a lightweight fingerprinting technique, based on traceroute and ping, to retrieve the routers brand, and use that knowledge to launch targeted attacks. In this paper, we show that the hardware ecosystem of network operators can greatly vary from one to another, with all potential security implications it brings. Indeed, depending on the autonomous system (AS), not all brands play the same role in terms of network connectivity and network usage (MPLS vs. standard traffic). An attacker could find an interest in targeting a specific hardware vendor in a particular AS, if known defects are present in this hardware, and if the AS relies heavily on it for forwarding its traffic

The Scalability of Multicast Communication

Multicast is a communication method which operates on groups of applications. Having multiple instances of an application which are addressed collectively using a unique, multicast address, allows elegant solutions to some of the more intractable problems in distributed programming, such as providing fault tolerance. However, as multicast techniques are applied in areas such as distributed operating systems, where the operating system may span a large number of hosts, or on faster network architectures, where the problems of congestion reduce the effectiveness of the technique, then the scalability of multicast must be addressed if multicast is to gain a wider application. The main scalability issue was considered to be packet loss due to buffer overrun, the most common cause of this buffer overrun being the mismatch in packet arrival rate and packet consumption at the multicast originator, the so-called implosion problem. This issue affects positively acknowledged and transactional protocols. As these two techniques are the most common protocol designs, it was felt that an investigation into the problems of these types of protocol would be most effective. A model for implosion was developed which was simulated in order to investigate the parameters of implosion. A measure of this implosion was derived from the data, this index of implosion allowing the severity of implosion to be described as well as the location of the implosion in the model. This implosion index was derived by dividing the rate at which buffers were occupied by the rate at which packets were generated by the model. The value may then be used to predict the number of buffers required given the number of packets expected. A number of techniques were developed which may be used to offset implosion, either by artificially increasing the inter-packet gap, or by distributing replies so that no one host receives enough packets to cause an implosion. Of these alternatives, the latter offers the most promise, although requiring a large effort to maintain the resulting hierarchical structure in the presence of multiple failures

Efficient Security Protocols for Fast Handovers in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are gaining popularity as a flexible and inexpensive replacement for Ethernet-based infrastructures. As the use of mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets is becoming ubiquitous, mobile clients should be guaranteed uninterrupted connectivity and services as they move from one access point to another within a WMN or between networks. To that end, we propose a novel security framework that consists of a new architecture, trust models, and protocols to offer mobile clients seamless and fast handovers in WMNs. The framework provides a dynamic, flexible, resource-efficient, and secure platform for intra-network and inter-network handovers in order to support real-time mobile applications in WMNs. In particular, we propose solutions to the following problems: authentication, key management, and group key management. We propose (1) a suite of certificate-based authentication protocols that minimize the authentication delay during handovers from one access point to another within a network (intra-network authentication). (2) a suite of key distribution and authentication protocols that minimize the authentication delay during handovers from one network to another (inter-network authentication). (3) a new implementation of group key management at the data link layer in order to reduce the group key update latency from linear time (as currently done in IEEE 802.11 standards) to logarithmic time. This contributes towards minimizing the latency of the handover process for mobile members in a multicast or broadcast group

Quantifying and Mitigating IGMP Filtering in Topology Discovery

peer reviewedRecent developments in router level topology discovery have suggested the introduction of IGMP probing in addition to standard techniques such as traceroute and alias resolution. With a single IGMP probe, one can obtain all multicast interfaces and links of a multicast router. If such a probing is a promising approach, we noticed that IGMP probes are subject to filtering, leading so to the fragmentation of the collected multicast graph into several disjoint connected components. In this paper, we cope with the fragmentation issue. Our contributions are threefold: (i) we experimentally quantify the damages caused by IGMP filtering on collected topologies of large tier-1 ISPs; (ii) using traceroute data, we construct a hybrid graph and estimate how far each IGMP fragment is from each other; (iii) we provide and experimentally evaluate a recursive approach for reconnecting disjoint multicast components. The key idea of the third contribution is to recursively apply alias resolution to reassemble disjoint fragments and, thus, progressively extend the mapping of the targeted ISP. Data presented in the paper, as well as reconstructed topologies, are freely available at http://svnet.u-strasbg.fr/merlin

Transcriptome and Genome Analyses Applied to Aquaculture Research

Aquaculture is an important economic activity for food production all around the world that has experienced an exponential growth during the last few decades. However, several weaknesses and bottlenecks still need to be addressed in order to improve the aquaculture productive system. The recent fast development of the omics technologies has provided scientists with meaningful tools to elucidate the molecular basis of their research interests. This reprint compiles different works about the use of transcriptomics and genomics technologies in different aspects of the aquaculture research, such as immunity, stress response, development, sexual dimorphism, among others, in a variety of fish and shellfish, and even in turtles. Different transcriptome (mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)), genome (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)), and metatranscriptome analyses were conducted to unravel those different aspects of interest