Quantifying impacts of short-term plasticity on neuronal information transfer

Short-term changes in efficacy have been postulated to enhance the ability of synapses to transmit information between neurons, and within neuronal networks. Even at the level of connections between single neurons, direct confirmation of this simple conjecture has proven elusive. By combining paired-cell recordings, realistic synaptic modelling and information theory, we provide evidence that short-term plasticity can not only improve, but also reduce information transfer between neurons. We focus on a concrete example in rat neocortex, but our results may generalise to other systems. When information is contained in the timings of individual spikes, we find that facilitation, depression and recovery affect information transmission in proportion to their impacts upon the probability of neurotransmitter release. When information is instead conveyed by mean spike rate only, the influences of short-term plasticity critically depend on the range of spike frequencies that the target network can distinguish (its effective dynamic range). Our results suggest that to efficiently transmit information, the brain must match synaptic type, coding strategy and network connectivity during development and behaviour.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys Rev E. 42 pages in referee format, 9 figure

Cell- and input-specific expression of the α5-GABAAR in the CA1 area of the mouse hippocampus

Dans l'hippocampe, les processus de mémoire et d'apprentissage dépendent fortement de l'inhibition GABAergique, qui est fournis par une population hétérogène d'interneurones (INs) via l'activation de sous-types spécifiques de récepteurs GABA. La sous-unité alpha5-GABAAR (α5-GABAAR) est fortement exprimée dans l'hippocampe de la souris, du singe et du cerveau humain. Il a été rapporté que, dans les cellules pyramidales CA1, cette sous-unité est principalement localisée sur les sites extrasynaptiques, où elle est responsable de la génération de la conductance inhibitrice tonique. Si la sous-unité α5-GABAAR peut être ciblée sur des types spécifiques de synapses dans des types cellulaires distincts reste inconnue. En utilisant l'immunohistochimie dans des coupes d'hippocampe de souris, nous avons étudié l'expression spécifique de la sous-unité α5-GABAAR dans les cellules et les synapses de l’oriens/alveus de le région CA1. Nos résultats démontrent que la sous-unité α5-GABAAR est principalement exprimée dans les INs positifs à la somatostatine. De plus, la densité de sous-unité était plus élevée dans les dendrites proximales et diminuait avec la distance par rapport au soma, ce qui correspond à une diminution de la densité des synapses inhibitrices dépendant de la distance. De plus, l'α5-GABAAR ciblait les synapses formées par les entrées exprimant le peptide intestinal vasoactif (VIP+) et la calrétinine (CR+) et, dans une moindre mesure, celles produites par les projections exprimant de la parvalbumine (PV+). En résumé, nos résultats montrent que la sous-unité α5-GABAAR présente une expression spécifique à la cellule et à la synapse dans l'hippocampe CA1. Comme la sous-unité α5-GABAAR a été impliquée dans plusieurs maladies, comprenant la maladie d'Alzheimer et le syndrome de Down, les nouvelles connaissances sur la localisation de l'α5-GABAAR seront importantes pour le développement de la thérapie cellulaire spécifique.In the hippocampus, memory and learning processes are highly dependent on the GABAergic inhibition, which is provided by a heterogeneous population of interneurons (INs) via activation of specific sub-types of GABA receptors. The alpha5-GABAAR subunit (α5-GABAAR) is highly expressed in the hippocampus of the mouse, monkey and human brain. It has been reported that, in the CA1 pyramidal cells, this subunit is predominantly located at extrasynaptic sites, where it is responsible for generation of tonic inhibitory conductance. Whether the α5-GABAAR subunit can be targeted to specific types of synapses in distinct cell types remains unknown. Using immunohistochemistry and electophysiological approach in mouse hippocampal slices, we studied the cell- and synapse-specific expression of the α5-GABAAR subunit in the CA1 oriens/alveus INs. Our results demonstrate that the α5-GABAAR subunit is mainly expressed in the somatostatin-positive INs. In addition, the subunit density was higher in proximal dendrites and declined with distance from the soma, consistent with a distance-dependent decrease in the density of inhibitory synapses. Furthermore, the α5-GABAAR was targeted to synapses made by the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+)- and calretinin (CR+)-expressing inputs and to a lesser extent to those made by the parvalbumin-positive (PV+) projections. In summary, our results show that the α5-GABAAR subunit exhibits a cell- and input-specific expression in the CA1 hippocampus. As the α5-GABAAR subunit has been implicated in several diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome, the new insights into the α5-GABAAR localization will be important for the development of cell- and site-specific therapy

Control of neuronal input-output coupling by recurrent inhibition in the hippocampus

During different states of hippocampal network activity neurons receive excitatory synaptic input on dendritic compartments and transform it into axonal action potential output. The ensemble output of pyramidal neurons activates local inhibitory microcircuits, which provide recurrent compartment-specific inhibition. In the present study it was observed that neuronal activity patterns that are likely to be present during sharp-waves recruit recurrent inhibition differently than repetitive activity at theta frequency. The observed results suggest that this could adapt the efficacy of input-output conversion to the network-state. In the present study dendritic spikes and their activity-dependent plasticity were identified as specialized signals, which endow correlated excitatory branch input with the ability to withstand recurrent inhibition and to generate precisely timed action potential output independent of the previous activity. These findings suggest that dendritic spikes may provide a cellular correlate for reliable and temporally precise reactivation of behaviorally relevant neuronal assemblies during both exploration and sleep