10,509 research outputs found
Properties of Primes and Multiplicative Group of a Field
In the [16] has been proven that the multiplicative group Z/pZ* is a cyclic group. Likewise, finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of a field is a cyclic group. However, finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of a field being a cyclic group has not yet been proven. Therefore, it is of importance to prove that finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of a field is a cyclic group.
Meanwhile, in cryptographic system like RSA, in which security basis depends upon the difficulty of factorization of given numbers into prime factors, it is important to employ integers that are difficult to be factorized into prime factors. If both p and 2p + 1 are prime numbers, we call p as Sophie Germain prime, and 2p + 1 as safe prime. It is known that the product of two safe primes is a composite number that is difficult for some factoring algorithms to factorize into prime factors. In addition, safe primes are also important in cryptography system because of their use in discrete logarithm based techniques like Diffie-Hellman key exchange. If p is a safe prime, the multiplicative group of numbers modulo p has a subgroup of large prime order. However, no definitions have not been established yet with the safe prime and Sophie Germain prime. So it is important to give definitions of the Sophie Germain prime and safe prime.
In this article, we prove finite subgroup of the multiplicative group of a field is a cyclic group, and, further, define the safe prime and Sophie Germain prime, and prove several facts about them. In addition, we define Mersenne number (Mn), and some facts about Mersenne numbers and prime numbers are proven.Arai Kenichi - Shinshu University, Nagano, JapanOkazaki Hiroyuki - Shinshu University, Nagano, JapanBroderick Arneson and Piotr Rudnicki. Primitive roots of unity and cyclotomic polynomials. Formalized Mathematics, 12(1):59-67, 2004.Grzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Andrzej Trybulec. Miscellaneous facts about functions. Formalized Mathematics, 5(4):485-492, 1996.CzesĆaw ByliĆski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.CzesĆaw ByliĆski. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.CzesĆaw ByliĆski. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.CzesĆaw ByliĆski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Agata DarmochwaĆ. Finite sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):165-167, 1990.Yoshinori Fujisawa and Yasushi Fuwa. The Euler's function. Formalized Mathematics, 6(4):549-551, 1997.Eugeniusz Kusak, Wojciech LeoĆczuk, and MichaĆ Muzalewski. Abelian groups, fields and vector spaces. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):335-342, 1990.RafaĆ Kwiatek. Factorial and Newton coefficients. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):887-890, 1990.RafaĆ Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relative primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.MichaĆ Muzalewski and LesĆaw W. Szczerba. Construction of finite sequences over ring and left-, right-, and bi-modules over a ring. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):97-104, 1991.Hiroyuki Okazaki and Yasunari Shidama. Uniqueness of factoring an integer and multiplicative group R/pZ*. Formalized Mathematics, 16(2):103-107, 2008, doi:10.2478/v10037-008-0015-1.Christoph Schwarzweller. The ring of integers, euclidean rings and modulo integers. Formalized Mathematics, 8(1):29-34, 1999.Dariusz Surowik. Cyclic groups and some of their properties - part I. Formalized Mathematics, 2(5):623-627, 1991.Andrzej Trybulec. Domains and their Cartesian products. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):115-122, 1990.MichaĆ J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Groups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):821-827, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Lattice of subgroups of a group. Frattini subgroup. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):41-47, 1991.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):73-83, 1990
On a BSD-type formula for L-values of Artin twists of elliptic curves
This is an investigation into the possible existence and consequences of a
Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer-type formula for L-functions of elliptic curves twisted
by Artin representations. We translate expected properties of L-functions into
purely arithmetic predictions for elliptic curves, and show that these force
some peculiar properties of the Tate-Shafarevich group, which do not appear to
be tractable by traditional Selmer group techniques. In particular we exhibit
settings where the different p-primary components of the Tate-Shafarevich group
do not behave independently of one another. We also give examples of
"arithmetically identical" settings for elliptic curves twisted by Artin
representations, where the associated L-values can nonetheless differ, in
contrast to the classical Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture.Comment: 27 pages, new versio
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