60,695 research outputs found
A Practical Attack on the MIFARE Classic
The MIFARE Classic is the most widely used contactless smart card in the
market. Its design and implementation details are kept secret by its
manufacturer. This paper studies the architecture of the card and the
communication protocol between card and reader. Then it gives a practical,
low-cost, attack that recovers secret information from the memory of the card.
Due to a weakness in the pseudo-random generator, we are able to recover the
keystream generated by the CRYPTO1 stream cipher. We exploit the malleability
of the stream cipher to read all memory blocks of the first sector of the card.
Moreover, we are able to read any sector of the memory of the card, provided
that we know one memory block within this sector. Finally, and perhaps more
damaging, the same holds for modifying memory blocks
Vulnerabilities in first-generation RFID-enabled credit cards
Credit cards ; Radio frequency identification systems
Attack Resilience and Recovery using Physical Challenge Response Authentication for Active Sensors Under Integrity Attacks
Embedded sensing systems are pervasively used in life- and security-critical
systems such as those found in airplanes, automobiles, and healthcare.
Traditional security mechanisms for these sensors focus on data encryption and
other post-processing techniques, but the sensors themselves often remain
vulnerable to attacks in the physical/analog domain. If an adversary
manipulates a physical/analog signal prior to digitization, no amount of
digital security mechanisms after the fact can help. Fortunately, nature
imposes fundamental constraints on how these analog signals can behave. This
work presents PyCRA, a physical challenge-response authentication scheme
designed to protect active sensing systems against physical attacks occurring
in the analog domain. PyCRA provides security for active sensors by continually
challenging the surrounding environment via random but deliberate physical
probes. By analyzing the responses to these probes, and by using the fact that
the adversary cannot change the underlying laws of physics, we provide an
authentication mechanism that not only detects malicious attacks but provides
resilience against them. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PyCRA through
several case studies using two sensing systems: (1) magnetic sensors like those
found wheel speed sensors in robotics and automotive, and (2) commercial RFID
tags used in many security-critical applications. Finally, we outline methods
and theoretical proofs for further enhancing the resilience of PyCRA to active
attacks by means of a confusion phase---a period of low signal to noise ratio
that makes it more difficult for an attacker to correctly identify and respond
to PyCRA's physical challenges. In doing so, we evaluate both the robustness
and the limitations of PyCRA, concluding by outlining practical considerations
as well as further applications for the proposed authentication mechanism.Comment: Shorter version appeared in ACM ACM Conference on Computer and
Communications (CCS) 201
Protecting Voice Controlled Systems Using Sound Source Identification Based on Acoustic Cues
Over the last few years, a rapidly increasing number of Internet-of-Things
(IoT) systems that adopt voice as the primary user input have emerged. These
systems have been shown to be vulnerable to various types of voice spoofing
attacks. Existing defense techniques can usually only protect from a specific
type of attack or require an additional authentication step that involves
another device. Such defense strategies are either not strong enough or lower
the usability of the system. Based on the fact that legitimate voice commands
should only come from humans rather than a playback device, we propose a novel
defense strategy that is able to detect the sound source of a voice command
based on its acoustic features. The proposed defense strategy does not require
any information other than the voice command itself and can protect a system
from multiple types of spoofing attacks. Our proof-of-concept experiments
verify the feasibility and effectiveness of this defense strategy.Comment: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computer
Communications and Networks (ICCCN), Hangzhou, China, July-August 2018. arXiv
admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1803.0915
Technologies and solutions for location-based services in smart cities: past, present, and future
Location-based services (LBS) in smart cities have drastically altered the way cities operate, giving a new dimension to the life of citizens. LBS rely on location of a device, where proximity estimation remains at its core. The applications of LBS range from social networking and marketing to vehicle-toeverything communications. In many of these applications, there is an increasing need and trend to learn the physical distance between nearby devices. This paper elaborates upon the current needs of proximity estimation in LBS and compares them against the available Localization and Proximity (LP) finding technologies (LP technologies in short). These technologies are compared for their accuracies and performance based on various different parameters, including latency, energy consumption, security, complexity, and throughput. Hereafter, a classification of these technologies, based on various different smart city applications, is presented. Finally, we discuss some emerging LP technologies that enable proximity estimation in LBS and present some future research areas
Robust Lessons about Practical Early Warning Systems
Early warning systems (EWSs) are subject to restrictions that apply to exchange rates in general: fundamentals matter but their influence is small and unstable. Keeping this in mind, five lessons emerge : First, EWSs have robust forecasting power and thus help policy-makers to prevent crises. Second, among competing crisis definitions there is one which is most practical. Third, take a logit model to condense information from various fundamental variables. Fourth, add a regional contagion dummy to the standard set of variables. Fifth, one may be tempted to address instability over time and countries by taking shorter samples and regional EWSs. --early warning system,currency crises,emerging markets
A Survey on Acoustic Side Channel Attacks on Keyboards
Most electronic devices utilize mechanical keyboards to receive inputs,
including sensitive information such as authentication credentials, personal
and private data, emails, plans, etc. However, these systems are susceptible to
acoustic side-channel attacks. Researchers have successfully developed methods
that can extract typed keystrokes from ambient noise. As the prevalence of
keyboard-based input systems continues to expand across various computing
platforms, and with the improvement of microphone technology, the potential
vulnerability to acoustic side-channel attacks also increases. This survey
paper thoroughly reviews existing research, explaining why such attacks are
feasible, the applicable threat models, and the methodologies employed to
launch and enhance these attacks.Comment: 22 pages, conferenc
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