Kemalism as a language for Turkish politics: cultivation, reproduction, negotiation

Every political system has a shared language of symbols, narratives and priorities through which legitimation is sought. This language is basic and schematic, yet it generates 'legitimate' priorities and objectives. My interest is two-fold: firstly, how is this language reproduced, disseminated and upheld? Secondly, how is it used, interpreted and adapted to legitimise a wide array of actions, policies or ideas? I seek to answer these questions in light of Turkey's EU ambitions. I sketch the prescriptions of what I call the normative core of Turkish politics, as expressed through national socialisation, the Constitution and the raison d'etre of key institutions. I show how institutions such as the military, judiciary and Presidency legitimise their actions through appeals to this normative core, thus reproducing it with little variation, while simultaneously reproducing a shared language of politics. I also highlight the wide dissemination this language enjoys through education and early learning as well as its symbolic reproduction through spatial narratives such as national sites, museums and monuments. Having demonstrated how this language is institutionally entrenched, widely disseminated and extensively used for the legitimation of public activities, I turn to the question of whether its constraints also create opportunities. I argue that Turkey's EU ambitions have actually led to the proliferation of such opportunities by introducing an alternative value benchmark in the pursuit of political legitimacy. Although the language is not abandoned, it is being actively enriched. After decades of tension and reform, the notions of 'secularism' and 'westernisation', cornerstones of the normative core of Turkish politics, are now open to debate. This could lead to a process of radical re-negotiation of political values. Alternatively, the constraints that the language imposes might actually outweigh the opportunities. For now, a delicate but fascinating process of negotiation is unfolding in the heart of the Turkish political system. My PhD seeks to explain and analyse it

Catholic belief and survival in late sixteenth-century Vienna : the case of Georg Eder (1523-1587)

This thesis is a detailed study of the religious belief and survival of one of the most prominent figures of late sixteenth-century Vienna, Georg Eder (1523- 1587). Eder held a number of high positions at Vienna University and the city's Habsburg court between 1552 and 1584, but his increasingly uncompromising Catholicism placed him at odds with many influential figures around him, not least the confessionally moderate Habsburg Emperor Maximilian II. Pivoted around an incident in 1573, when Eder's ferocious polemic, Evangelische Inquisition, fell under Imperial condemnation, the thesis investigates three key aspects of Eder's life. It examines Eder's position as a Catholic in the Vienna of his day; the public expression of this Catholicism and the strong Jesuit influence on the same; and Eder's rescue and subsequent survival as a lay advocate of Catholic reform, largely through the protection of the Habsburgs' rivals, the Wittelsbach Dukes of Bavaria. Based on a wide variety of printed and manuscript material, this thesis contributes to existing historiography on two levels. On one, it is a reconstruction of the career of one of Vienna's most prominent yet under-studied figures, in a period when the city itself was one of Europe's most politically and religiously significant. In a broader sense, however, this study also adds to the wider canon of Reformation history. It re-examines the nature and extent of Catholicism at the Viermese court in the latter half of the sixteenth century. It highlights the growing role of Eder's Wittelsbach patrons as defenders of Catholicism, even beyond their own Bavarian borders. The thesis also emphasises the role, potential and realised, of influential laity such as Eder in advancing the cause of Catholic reform in the late sixteenth century. Thus it is a strong challenge to the existing, prevalent portrayal of the sixteenth-century Catholic laity as an anonymous and largely passive group who merely responded to the ministries of others

With our own hands : research for Third World development; Canada's contribution through the International Development Research Centre, 1970-1985

French version available in IDRC Digital Library: Selon nos idées : la recherche au service du Tiers Monde; le Centre de recherches pour le développement international et la contribution du Canada, 1970-1985Spanish version available in IDRC Digital Library: Con nuestras propias manos : investigación para el desarrollo del Tercer Mundo; la contribución de Canadá mediante el Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo, 1970-1985Part of the collection of government and miscellaneous documents relating to the history of IDRC

The market for modern art in New York in the nineteen forties and nineteen fifties: a structural and historical survey

The nineteen forties and nineteen fifties, acknowledged as the decades in which New York first emerged as a locus for modern art production of international stature (particularly the so-called 'New York School '), also witnessed its development into a market for modern art, both European and American, and it is upon this that this study focuses. A modern art market is a 'support-system' which consists of not only the producer-artists and consumer-collectors but also of a number of 'intermediaries'. This complex, in addition to the actual purchase of art works, serves, for instance: to disseminate a knowledge about modern art in general; to select particular artists and promote their work in the public eye; to support contemporary artists financially; and to enhance the sphere of collecting activity. The groups or institutions involved in these functions vary according to historical circumstances, and the first part of this study identifies the key constituents of the 'support-system' in the New York art market in this period as: New York museums concerned with modern and contemporary art, both foreign and native, private dealer-galleries, and collectors; and examines what parts each played in the structure of the art market as a whole, paying particular attention to the influence of wider socio-economic factors upon this. This 'support-system' structure discussed in the first part may be considered as synchronic. The second part of this study, however, concentrates upon an examination of changing trends in prices and in collectors' preferences for different artistic expressions (particularly the relative status of American as against European modern art). Emphasis is placed in this upon demonstrating where possible how such developments were related to the functioning of the support system as discussed; and to situating the behaviour of the New York art market of the period into a wider national socio-economic context

The translator's discursive presence in translated discourse : Machado de Assis' five novels in English multiple translations

This thesis will focus on the process of translation by investigating the translator’s discursive presence in multiple translations into English of five novels by Machado de Assis between 1951 to 2000, laid Garcia (1878), Memôrias Pôstumas de Bras Cubas (1881), Quincas Borba (1891), Dom Casmurro (1900), and Memorial de Aires (1908). The study will look at translations in general, taking into account issues such as language, narrative, and culture. It will draw on the literariness of certain kinds of language, and in consequence seek to show that different translators use language in very different ways, either in accordance with (or directly against) the language of the source text. Various cultural and political forces that might have guided the decisions made by British and American translators will also be examined. A comparative, close and detailed analysis of multiple translations of the same work by various translators in the light of the translator’s discursive presence (the priorities which guide the translator’s behaviour) will be carried out. Lambert and Van Gorp’s model of descriptive analysis, which comprises various macro and micro-structural levels, seems to be appropriate as a starting point for the investigation of both the implicit and explicit factors involved in the translated novels addressed. The study will examine the relationship between the English translations, exploring some of the translation strategies adopted by the different translators and suggesting some of the reasons for these choices, that is, the norms and models governing them. The translator’s interventions that manipulate both linguistic and extra-linguistic codes will be considered along with the scope of such manipulation. The role of the reader will be discussed, exploring how the reader, due to certain translation strategies, may become aware that the text is a translation, and to what extent the translator’s voice (visibility) may be traceable in a text (the translator’s consciousness that intervenes in the translated text). Aspects of the reception of Machado de Assis’ works in the English-speaking world will be examined with a view to establishing the value and function of his translated works in the target literary system. This study calls new attention to Machado de Assis, since it discusses a less- examined aspect of his work, that is, his novels in English translation. Hence it considers rereadings and rewritings from new angles offering an alternative view on how they can be approached. The conclusions of this study indicate that a comparison of different target texts is indeed an excellent means to show how translated literature can be embedded in its historical context