Shopping Behaviors of College Students

This research examines the shopping behaviors of college student, encompassing their use of credit cards, where they shop, and how their income affects shopping. Respondents completed a self administered 36 question survey, in which they chose the most appropriate answer. Results show statistical evidence that income and age affect college students’ shopping behaviors, use of credit cards, and amount of credit card debt. It was found that most respondents use credit cards but report little to no debt; however it was shown that the older the respondent the more debt they perceived they have. It was also found that students with lower monthly incomes shop for sale items and/or shop in discount stores to save money. These results suggest that income does have an effect on the shopping behaviors of college students

CONSUMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO BUY FOOD VIA THE INTERNET: A REVIEW OF THE LITTERATURE AND A MODEL FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

In the first part of the paper, existing studies on consumer propensity to buy via the Internet are reviewed in an attempt to shed light on factors explaining consumer willingness to buy food via the Internet. Following a model by Sindhav and Balazs (1999), determinants relating to medium, product, consumer, firm and environment are distinguished. In order to draw the various results together and provide a coherent framework for future research, we then propose a model which combines the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the lifestyle construct. The model can be used to analyse how beliefs affecting consumers intention to buy food via the Internet are formed and changed due to experience with such shoppingNo keywords;

Can a click buy a little happiness? The impact of business-to-consumer e-commerce on subjective well-being

This paper presents the first empirical investigation into the effect of e-shopping on subjective well-being. The analysis relies on an Italian nationally and regionally representative dataset from Italy (n = 4,130) drawn from the 2008 wave of the Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) carried out by the Bank of Italy. Probit, OLS regressions and instrumental variables estimates show that e-shopping is strongly and positively associated with subjective well-being.happiness; subjective well-being; Internet; business-to-consumer e-commerce; B2C; e-shopping; instrumental variables; Italy

Can a click buy a little happiness? The impact of business-to-consumer e-commerce on subjective well-being

This paper presents the first empirical investigation into the effect of e-shopping on subjective well-being. The analysis relies on a nationally and regionally representative dataset from Italy (n = 4,130) drawn from the 2008 wave of the Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) carried out by the Bank of Italy. Probit, OLS regressions and instrumental variables estimates show that e-shopping is strongly and positively associated with subjective well-being.

Can a click buy a little happiness? The impact of business-to-consumer e-commerce on subjective well-being

This paper presents the first empirical investigation into the effect of e-shopping on subjective well-being. The analysis relies on a nationally and regionally representative dataset from Italy (n = 4,130) drawn from the 2008 wave of the Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) carried out by the Bank of Italy. Probit, OLS regressions and instrumental variables estimates show that e-shopping is strongly and positively associated with subjective well-being.Happiness, subjective well-being, Internet, business-to-consumer e-commerce, B2C, e-shopping, instrumental variables, Italy.

THE EFFECTS OF IMMEDIATE AND DELAYED PAYMENTS ON CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR

Payment-timing is conceptualized as a payment instrument focal characteristic to explain differences in consumers’ purchasing behavior when they chose to pay-now versus pay-later. Payment-timing preferences represent consumers’ attitudes, beliefs, and motivation for delaying marketing transactions. Cash, debit cards, and online banking represented consumers’ preferences to pay-now, while credit cards and loans represented the inclination to pay-later. There were two key findings: Firstly, I present payment-timing models that theorize consumers’ choice of payment types with differences in payment-timing and motivations to pay for purchases. Two models are presented that unify the following attitudes and motivations: (1) five attitudinal antecedents to consumers’ preferences for payment-timing: regulatory focus, heuristics, self-construal, perceived financial constraint, and extent of financial literacy; (2) five motivations that explain consumers’ likelihood of purchase using payment types with differences in payment-timing: the pain of payment, pain of mismatched payments, rewards salience, debt aversion, and decision construal; and (3) visualizing moral responsibility as a moderator to the pain of payment and economic motivation as a moderator to rewards availability. Secondly, consumers had a greater likelihood of purchasing when paying later (with credit cards) versus paying now (with debit cards) in the context of high-dollar purchases ($1200 and above). Moreover, when paying later consumers preferred quality purchases versus buying multiple items for an equivalent amount. Advisor: James W. Gentr

Point of Sales Promotions and Buying Stimulation in Retail Stores

This paper analyzes drivers of compulsive buying behavior induced by store based promotion through empirical investigation in Mexico. The buying behavior in reference to point of sales promotions offered by retailing firms and determinants of sensitivity towards stimulating shopping arousal and satisfaction among customer in building store loyalty have been discussed in the paper. This study also builds arguments around convergence of attractiveness of point of sales promotions and effectiveness of customer services as a tool for gaining competitive advantage in the retail business environment. The results indicate that point of sales promotion programs have become the principal tool of retailing in Mexico to acquire new customers and retain the loyal customers. It is also found during the study that loyal customers are attracted to the store brands during the promotional offers while new shoppers are price sensitive and are attracted by the in-store ambience of sales promotions and volume discounts.Sales promotion, shopping arousal, store loyalty, buying behavior, retailing, customer relations

Consumer intent to disclose personal information in ecommerce: a comparison of Estonia and the United States

2014 Fall.An online survey conducted among participants in the US (n=248) and Estonia (n=225) examined willingness to disclose and perceived risks pertaining to disclosing personally identifying information (PII, also referred to as personal data in Europe) in ecommerce, as well as attitude toward disclosure in general, and anxiety disclosing personal data. Additionally, the study investigated how willingness to disclose and perceived risk of disclosing personal data were affected by demographic variables, trust in the Internet and trust in institutions, the Big Five personality dimensions found in the psychology literature (neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion), and four sets of perceived shopping benefits (opportunity benefits, bargain benefits, purchase benefits, and expected privacy benefits). Despite Estonia's advanced adoption and progressive policies and practices toward the Internet, Americans were more willing to disclose, exhibited more positive attitudes, demonstrated less anxiety, and were less concerned about perceived risks. For Estonians, ecommerce experience, perceived purchase benefits, and trust in the Internet and institutions were significant predictors of willingness to disclose personal data. Americans who perceived purchase benefits were found to be the most likely to disclose PII, while Americans with lower levels of education were also more willing to disclose. The study utilized a 17-item list of potential disclosure items (name, email address, etc.) and showed these can be categorized reliably into six sub-indices: contact information, payment information, life history information, financial/medical information, work-related information, and online account information. Further, a reliable efficient, 20-item scale was developed that can be deployed in future studies investigating the Big Five personality traits. Online disclosure consciousness (ODC) was introduced as a framework to conceptualize and empirically measure the gap between one's willingness to disclose and perceived risk pertaining to the overall 17-item index used in the study, the sub-indices, and particular items. Using 7-point Likert-type measures, the results showed significant gaps among participants both within and across nations. A 5-scenario online disclosure consciousness model is presented to explain the tradeoffs involved in making a disclosure decision, with absolute willingness to disclose and absolute perceived risk on the two extremes and theoretical midpoint where the two competing motivations cancel themselves out. Changes in a person's position along the continuum are posited to be influenced by marketers' initiatives, personal experiences, and external factors. Implications for theory, consumers, marketing practice, and public policy are discussed. The findings suggest that willingness to disclose and risk aversion can and should be analyzed empirically together. Thus, the ODC model provides an alternative conceptualization to the ideas of the privacy paradox, privacy calculus, and privacy cost-benefit ratios found in the literature. The study suggests consumers have a responsibility to educate themselves about online disclosure practices and how to protect their privacy. The findings also suggest marketers and policy makers should recognize that data disclosed online are not all equally sensitive to consumers. However, fostering trust, reducing risks, and promoting benefits are essential to the future of ecommerce

Examination of the Brand Archetypes of the Hungarian Retail Banking Sector and Their Correlations with Consumer Preferences Regarding Banking Products

The primary goal of this research is to explore the preferences of domestic consumers in relation to the brand archetypes of banks. The chosen topic fits into broader research that examines the elements of brand building in the Hungarian retail banking sector and their impact on consumer preference and behaviour. Besides defining and manufacturing products brand building includes the development of a brand personality. The basic conceptual framework examined in the present research was determined based on the Mark and Pearson brand archetype framework to enable a comparison with the findings in the USA. In the research, we were also seeking an answer to the question as to whether the consumer preference regarding the banking services, payment methods and banking marketing channels examined in research has an impact on the consumer preference regarding brand archetypes, as the exploration of such effects expands the scope for interpretation and usage of the obtained results. Knowledge of preferred brand archetypes supports the management of banks' branding tools, can help banks in their innovation activities and the results can be used to develop new products and services. It is identifiable that the most preferred archetypes by consumers among the 12 possible brand archetypes are the Sage and Caregiver archetypes. There is only a slight correlation between the consumer preference regarding the various banking services, payment methods and forms of information examined in the research and the choice of the brand archetype; however, a strong relationship can be established between the choices of brand archetypes

Perceived value in payment modes: cognitive and affective value among Brazilian consumers

Consumers have been found to hold certain perceptions on Payment Modes (PMs) such as cash, credit or debit card, or digital payments, which will then influence their spending and purchasing behavior (e.g., the type, value and amount of purchased goods). Increasing attention has been devoted to this phenomenon. Despite the extensive body of research on the subjectivity underlying PMs and subsequent impact on consumers’ decision-making process, contradictory findings have been reported. Moreover, a scale to assess consumers held perceptions of PMs is still lacking. This study focuses on the concept of consumer perception of PMs. We draw on the marketing literature on payments and on two well-accepted theoretical frameworks - the Cognitive-Affective Behavioral Paradigm and the Consumption Value Theory - to put forward three specific hypotheses on the cognitive and affective value perceived by consumers. We focus on what has been classified as the ‘most traditional’ and ‘more innovative’ PMs, i.e., cash and digital payments. The aim of this project is twofold: first, to develop a measurement scale for measuring consumers perceived value of PMs, and second, we show how traditional PMs are less valued by consumers than more innovative ones. The suggested scale is an extended and adapted version of PERVAL, a well-established scale for assessing the value of goods and services. The scale was validated with a sample data of 400 Brazilian consumers employing a confirmatory factor analysis. The suggested hypothesis were tested with the same database, using a mean comparison model via multi-linear regression. Results show that consumers perceive cash having the lower cognitive value when compared to other PMs, and digital holding the higher affective value. Also, digital was found having the highest overall perceived value, also leading to the most positive attitude regarding PMs. This study contributes to the literature, first by providing a consumer perceived value measurement scale for PM scale which considers recent PMs and the cognitive and affective dimensions. And second, we show that consumers perceive PM underlying value differently, perceiving digital PM as the one which results in higher value. This is expected to affect their decision-making. The research also provides managers and the payment industry with a clearer understanding of the differences in perceived value between different PMs, reflecting insights on the strategy regarding offered payment experiences for different types of purchases, as well as for the development of new PMs