1,752 research outputs found
Evaluation of RPL’s Single Metric Objective Functions
In this paper, we evaluate the performance of RPL
(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks)
based on the Objective Function being used to construct the
Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG). Using
the Cooja simulator, we compared Objective Function Zero (OF0)
with the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function
(MRHOF) in terms of average power consumption, packet loss
ratio, and average end-to-end latency. Our study shows that RPL
performs better in terms of packet loss ratio and average endto-end
latency when MRHOF is used as an objective function.
However, the average power consumption is noticeably higher
compared to OF0
Adaptive Energy Saving and Mobility Support IPv6 Routing Protocol in Low-Power and Lossy Networks for Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks
Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnection of physical objects that can be controlled, monitored and exchange information from remote locations over the internet while been connected to an Application Programme Interface (API) and sensors. It utilizes low-powered digital radios for communication enabling millions and billions of Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) devices to communicate efficiently via a predetermined routing protocol. Several research gaps have identified the constraints of standardised versions of IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks evidently showing its lack of ability to handle the growing application needs and challenges. This research aims to handle routing from a different perspective extending from energy efficiency, to mobility aware and energy scavenging nodes thereby presenting numerous improvements that can suit various network topologies and application needs. Envisioning all the prospects and innovative services associated with the futuristic ubiquitous communication of IoT applications, we propose an adaptive Objective Function for RPL protocol known as Optimum Reliable Objective Function (OR-OF) having a fuzzy combination of five routing metrics which are chosen based on system and application requirements. It is an approach which combines the three proposed implemented Objective Functions within this thesis to enable the OR-OF adapt to different routing requirements for different IoT applications. The three proposed OFs are Energy saving Routing OF, Enhanced Mobility Support Routing OF and Optimized OF for Energy Scavenging nodes. All proposed OFs were designed, implemented, and simulated in COOJA simulator of ContikiOS, and mathematical models were developed to validate simulated results. Performance Evaluation indicated an overall improvement as compared with the standardised versions of RPL protocols and other related research works in terms of network lifetime with an average of 40%, packet delivery ratio of 21%, energy consumption of 82% and End-to-End Delay of 92%
Performance Assessment of Routing Protocols for IoT/6LoWPAN Networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) proposes a disruptive communication paradigm that allows
smart objects to exchange data among themselves to reach a common goal. IoT application
scenarios are multiple and can range from a simple smart home lighting system to fully controlled
automated manufacturing chains. In the majority of IoT deployments, things are equipped with
small devices that can suffer from severe hardware and energy restrictions that are responsible
for performing data processing and wireless communication tasks. Thus, due to their features,
communication networks that are used by these devices are generally categorized as Low Power
and Lossy Networks (LLNs).
The considerable variation in IoT applications represents a critical issue to LLN networks,
which should offer support to different requirements as well as keeping reasonable
quality-of-service (QoS) levels. Based on this challenge, routing protocols represent a key issue
in IoT scenarios deployment. Routing protocols are responsible for creating paths among devices
and their interactions. Hence, network performance and features are highly dependent
on protocol behavior. Also, based on the adopted protocol, the support for some specific requirements
of IoT applications may or may not be provided. Thus, a routing protocol should be
projected to attend the needs of the applications considering the limitations of the device that
will execute them.
Looking to attend the demand of routing protocols for LLNs and, consequently, for IoT
networks, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has designed and standardized the IPv6
Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). This protocol, although being robust
and offering features to fulfill the need of several applications, still presents several faults and
weaknesses (mainly related to its high complexity and memory requirement), which limits its
adoption in IoT scenarios. An alternative to RPL, the Lightweight On-demand Ad Hoc Distancevector
Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng) has emerged as a less complicated routing
solution for LLNs. However, the cost of its simplicity is paid for with the absence of adequate
support for a critical set of features required for many IoT environments. Thus, based on the
challenging open issues related to routing in IoT networks, this thesis aims to study and propose
contributions to better attend the network requirements of IoT scenarios. A comprehensive survey,
reviewing state-of-the-art routing protocols adopted for IoT, identified the strengths and
weaknesses of current solutions available in the literature. Based on the identified limitations,
a set of improvements is designed to overcome these issues and enhance IoT network performance.
The novel solutions are proposed to include reliable and efficient support to attend
the needs of IoT applications, such as mobility, heterogeneity, and different traffic patterns.
Moreover, mechanisms to improve the network performance in IoT scenarios, which integrate
devices with different communication technologies, are introduced.
The studies conducted to assess the performance of the proposed solutions showed
the high potential of the proposed solutions. When the approaches presented in this thesis
were compared with others available in the literature, they presented very promising results
considering the metrics related to the Quality of Service (QoS), network and energy efficiency,
and memory usage as well as adding new features to the base protocols. Hence, it is believed
that the proposed improvements contribute to the state-of-the-art of routing solutions for IoT
networks, increasing the performance and adoption of enhanced protocols.A Internet das Coisas, do inglês Internet of Things (IoT), propõe um paradigma de
comunicação disruptivo para possibilitar que dispositivos, que podem ser dotados de comportamentos
autónomos ou inteligentes, troquem dados entre eles buscando alcançar um objetivo
comum. Os cenários de aplicação do IoT são muito variados e podem abranger desde um simples
sistema de iluminação para casa até o controle total de uma linha de produção industrial. Na
maioria das instalações IoT, as “coisas” são equipadas com um pequeno dispositivo, responsável
por realizar as tarefas de comunicação e processamento de dados, que pode sofrer com severas
restrições de hardware e energia. Assim, devido Ă s suas caracterĂsticas, a rede de comunicação
criada por esses dispositivos Ă© geralmente categorizada como uma Low Power and Lossy Network
(LLN).
A grande variedade de cenários IoT representam uma questão crucial para as LLNs,
que devem oferecer suporte aos diferentes requisitos das aplicações, alĂ©m de manter nĂveis
de qualidade de serviço, do inglês Quality of Service (QoS), adequados. Baseado neste desafio,
os protocolos de encaminhamento constituem um aspecto chave na implementação de
cenários IoT. Os protocolos de encaminhamento são responsáveis por criar os caminhos entre
os dispositivos e permitir suas interações. Assim, o desempenho e as caracterĂsticas da rede
sĂŁo altamente dependentes do comportamento destes protocolos. Adicionalmente, com base
no protocolo adotado, o suporte a alguns requisitos especĂficos das aplicações de IoT podem
ou nĂŁo ser fornecidos. Portanto, estes protocolos devem ser projetados para atender as necessidades
das aplicações assim como considerando as limitações do hardware no qual serão
executados.
Procurando atender Ă s necessidades dos protocolos de encaminhamento em LLNs e,
consequentemente, das redes IoT, a Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) desenvolveu e padronizou
o IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). O protocolo, embora
seja robusto e ofereça recursos para atender às necessidades de diferentes aplicações, apresenta
algumas falhas e fraquezas (principalmente relacionadas com a sua alta complexidade e
necessidade de memória) que limitam sua adoção em cenários IoT. Em alternativa ao RPL, o
Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)
emergiu como uma solução de encaminhamento menos complexa para as LLNs. Contudo, o
preço da simplicidade é pago com a falta de suporte adequado para um conjunto de recursos
essenciais necessários em muitos ambientes IoT. Assim, inspirado pelas desafiadoras questões
ainda em aberto relacionadas com o encaminhamento em redes IoT, esta tese tem como objetivo
estudar e propor contribuições para melhor atender os requisitos de rede em cenários IoT.
Uma profunda e abrangente revisĂŁo do estado da arte sobre os protocolos de encaminhamento
adotados em IoT identificou os pontos fortes e limitações das soluções atuais. Com base nas debilidades
encontradas, um conjunto de soluções de melhoria é proposto para superar carências
existentes e melhorar o desempenho das redes IoT. As novas soluções são propostas para incluir
um suporte confiável e eficiente capaz atender às necessidades das aplicações IoT relacionadas
com suporte à mobilidade, heterogeneidade dos dispositivos e diferentes padrões de tráfego.
Além disso, são introduzidos mecanismos para melhorar o desempenho da rede em cenários IoT
que integram dispositivos com diferentes tecnologias de comunicação.
Os vários estudos realizados para mensurar o desempenho das soluções propostas mostraram
o grande potencial do conjunto de melhorias introduzidas. Quando comparadas com
outras abordagens existentes na literatura, as soluções propostas nesta tese demonstraram um aumento do desempenho consistente para métricas relacionadas a qualidade de serviço, uso de
memória, eficiência energética e de rede, além de adicionar novas funcionalidades aos protocolos
base. Portanto, acredita-se que as melhorias propostas contribuiem para o avanço do estado
da arte em soluções de encaminhamento para redes IoT e aumentar a adoção e utilização dos
protocolos estudados
Assessing the Impact of Mobile Attackers on RPL-based Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming ubiquitous in our daily life. IoT
networks that are made up of devices low power, low memory, and low computing
capability appears in many applications such as healthcare, home, agriculture.
IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) has become a
standardized routing protocol for such low-power and lossy networks in IoT. RPL
establishes the best routes between devices according to the requirements of
the application, which is achieved by the Objective Function (OF). Even though
some security mechanisms are defined for external attackers in its RFC, RPL is
vulnerable to attacks coming from inside. Moreover, the same attacks could has
different impacts on networks with different OFs. Therefore, an analysis of
such attacks becomes important in order to develop suitable security solutions
for RPL. This study analyze RPL-specific attacks on networks using RPL's
default OFs, namely Objective Function Zero (OF0) and the Minimum Rank with
Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). Moreover, mobile attackers could affect
more nodes in a network due to their mobility. While the security solutions
proposed in the literature assume that the network is static, this study takes
into account mobile attackers.Comment: 11 pages,3 figures, Journa
Mobile Networking
We point out the different performance problems that need to be addressed when considering mobility in IP networks. We also define the reference architecture and present a framework to classify the different solutions for mobility management in IP networks. The performance of the major candidate micro-mobility solutions is evaluated for both real-time (UDP) and data (TCP) traffic through simulation and by means of an analytical model. Using these models we compare the performance of different mobility management schemes for different data and real-time services and the network resources that are needed for it. We point out the problems of TCP in wireless environments and review some proposed enhancements to TCP that aim at improving TCP performance. We make a detailed study of how some of micro-mobility protocols namely Cellular IP, Hawaii and Hierarchical Mobile IP affect the behavior of TCP and their interaction with the MAC layer. We investigate the impact of handoffs on TCP by means of simulation traces that show the evolution of segments and acknowledgments during handoffs.Publicad
Green Cellular Networks: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges
Energy efficiency in cellular networks is a growing concern for cellular
operators to not only maintain profitability, but also to reduce the overall
environment effects. This emerging trend of achieving energy efficiency in
cellular networks is motivating the standardization authorities and network
operators to continuously explore future technologies in order to bring
improvements in the entire network infrastructure. In this article, we present
a brief survey of methods to improve the power efficiency of cellular networks,
explore some research issues and challenges and suggest some techniques to
enable an energy efficient or "green" cellular network. Since base stations
consume a maximum portion of the total energy used in a cellular system, we
will first provide a comprehensive survey on techniques to obtain energy
savings in base stations. Next, we discuss how heterogeneous network deployment
based on micro, pico and femto-cells can be used to achieve this goal. Since
cognitive radio and cooperative relaying are undisputed future technologies in
this regard, we propose a research vision to make these technologies more
energy efficient. Lastly, we explore some broader perspectives in realizing a
"green" cellular network technologyComment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 2 table
Enhancing IoT performance via using Mobility Aware for dynamic RPL routing protocol technique (MA-RPL)
Nodes\u27 aware-mobility in the Internet of Things (IoTs) stills open defy for researchers, due to the dynamic changing of routing path and networks’ resource limitations. Therefore, in this study a new method is proposed called Mobility Aware - “Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks” (MA-RPL), that consists of two phases: in the first phase splitting the entire network into sub areas based on reference nodes with “Time Difference of Arrival” (TDoA) technique. While, the second phase, is about managing mobile nodes (MNs) in RPL according to the sub areas\u27 ID. The Cooja simulator software has been used to implement and assess MA-RPL method performance, according to the data packet metrics (lost packet, packet delivery ratio PDR), latency and nodes\u27 power usage in comparison with two methods: Corona (Co-RPL) and Mobility Enhanced (ME-RPL). The simulation results have been shown that the MA-RPL method consumes less nodes\u27 energy usage, gives less latency with minimum data packet loss in comparison with Co-RPL and ME-RP
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