Mobile ad hoc networks for intelligent systems

Advances in wireless technology and portable computing along with demands for high user mobility have provided a major promotion toward the development of ad hoc networks. Mobile ad hoc networks feature dynamic topology, self-organization, limited bandwidth and battery power of a node. They do not rely on specialized routers for path discovery and traffic routing. Research on ad hoc networks has been extensively investigated in the past few years and related work has focused on many of the layers of the communications architecture. This research intends to investigate applications of MANET for intelligent systems, including intelligent transportation system (ITS), sensor network and mobile intelligent robot network, and propose some approaches to topology management, link layer multiple access and routing algorithms. Their performance is evaluated by theoretical analysis and off-the-shelf simulation tools. Most current research on ad hoc networks assumes the availability of IEEE 802.11. However, the RTS/CTS protocol of 802.11 still leads to packet collision which in turn decreases the network throughput and lifetime. For sensor networks, sensors are mostly battery operated. Hence, resolving packet collision may improve network lifetime by saving valuable power. Using space and network diversity combination, this work proposes a new packet separation approach to packet collision caused by masked nodes. Inter-vehicle communication is a key component of ITS and it is also called vehicular ad hoc network. VANET has many features different from regular MANETs in terms of mobility, network size and connectivity. Given rapid topology changes and network partitioning, this work studies how to organize the numerous vehicular nodes and establish message paths between any pair of vehicular nodes if they are not apart too far away. In urban areas, the inter-vehicle communication has different requirements and constraints than highway environments. The proposed position-based routing strategy for VANETs utilizes the traffic pattern in city environments. Packets are forwarded based on traffic lights timing sequence and the moving direction of relaying vehicles. A multicast protocol is also introduced to visualize the real time road traffic with customized scale. Only vehicles related to a source node\u27s planned trajectory will reply the query packet. The visualized real time traffic information therefore helps the driver make better decision in route planning when traffic congestion happens. Nowadays robots become more and more powerful and intelligent. They can take part in operations in a cooperative manner which makes distributed control necessary. Ad hoc robot communication network is still fresh field for researchers working on networking technology. This work investigates some key issues in robot ad hoc network and evaluate the challenges while establishing robot ad hoc networks

Studi Kinerja 802.11p Pada Protokol AD HOC On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Di Lingkungan Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) Menggunakan Network Simulator 2 (NS-2)

Dalam dunia jaringan nirkabel sudah tidak asing dengan salah satu konsep yang memungkinkan komunikasi antar kendaraan (inter-vehicle) dan komunikasi antara kendaraan dengan infrastruktur dis sekitar jalan (vehicle-to-roadside). Konsep ini juga merupakan subset dari dari Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET), yaitu Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET). Pada VANET kendaraan yang ada bertindak sebagai node pada suatu jaringan. VANET terdiri dari banyak node yang juga berfungsi sebagai router. Berbeda dengan MANET, tingkat mobilitas pada VANET lebih tinggi. VANET termasuk ke dalam jaringan komunikasi nirkabel dimana komunikasi terjadi melalui link nirkabel yang dipasang di setiap node. Tiap node pada VANET berlaku baik sebagai partisipan ataupun router pada jaringan, baik bagi node utama atau neighborhood node yang berkomunikasi di dalam radius transmisi dari VANET tersebut. Tujuan utama dari adanya VANET ini adalah nantinya dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan dan menyediakan aplikasi-aplikasi transportasi untuk mendukung keamanan maupun kenyamanan bagi pengendara. Hal ini tentunya memerlukan implementasi protokol routing yang sesuai dengan karakteristik dari VANET dimana kendaraan-kendaraan yang notabene memiliki dinamika pergerakan node yang tinggi dalam suatu jaringan. Adapun routing protokol pada jaringan nirkabel ini sendiri dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu proaktif, reaktif dan hybird. Telah diketahui bahwa routing protokol reaktif memiliki kinerja yang yang lebih baik daripada proaktif pada suatu jaringan dengan mobilitas tinggi. Salah satu protokol routing reaktif yang telah teruji dalam VANET adalah routing protokol Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). Dan pada Tugas Akhir ini dilakukan analisa performa dari routing protokol Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) tersebut dengan parameter 802.11p dalam lingkungan VANET. Dari percobaan Tugas Akhir ini dihasilkan suatu performa bahwa routing protokol AODV dengan parameter 802.11p pada skenario riil mengalami peningkatan nilai rata-rata pada packet deliery ratio dan routing overhead dan mengalami penurunan nilai rata-rata pada delay seiring dengan bertambahnya kepadatan kendaraan dibandingkan dalam skenario grid.============================================================================================= In the world of wireless networks are no stranger to one of them that allows communication between a vehicle (inter-vehicle) and communication between a vehicle to infrastructure in about the way (vehicle-to-roadside) .This concept is also is a subset of of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), which is vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) .In VANET vehicles act as node in a network .VANET consisting of many node which also functions as router .Different from MANET, the mobility in VANET is higher than in MANET Vanet part of the wireless communications networks where the communication occurs wireless through the links installed in each node .Every nodes on VANET applies well as participants or router on the network, good for nodes primary or neighborhood nodes that are communicate in the transmission of the VANET. The main purpose of the VANET is will be used to provide some applications for transportation to support security and comfortability for road users .This obviously need of the protocol routing according to characteristic of VANET where vehices that having the dynamics of movement nodes high in a network . However, routing protocol on wireless networks are divided into three, namely proactive, reactive and hybird.Have been known that routing reactive protocol have a better than proactive at a network with high mobility.One protocol routing reactive who has useful in vanet protocol is routing ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV).And in the late analysis protocol performance of routing ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) the parameters 802.11p in the environment VANET. Experiment duty from the end of this produced a performance that routing protocol AODV with parameters 802.11p on real scenario increased average value on packet deliery ratio and routing overhead and experienced a decline in the value of the average delay along with increasing density of vehicles compared in scenario grid

Beaconing Approaches in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a type of wireless ad hoc network that facilitates ubiquitous connectivity between vehicles in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Beaconing approaches is an important research challenge in high mobility vehicular networks with enabling safety applications. In this article, we perform a survey and a comparative study of state-of-the-art adaptive beaconing approaches in VANET, that explores the main advantages and drawbacks behind their design. The survey part of the paper presents a review of existing adaptive beaconing approaches such as adaptive beacon transmission power, beacon rate adaptation, contention window size adjustment and Hybrid adaptation beaconing techniques. The comparative study of the paper compares the representatives of adaptive beaconing approaches in terms of their objective of study, summary of their study, the utilized simulator and the type of vehicular scenario. 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The Dynamics of Vehicular Networks in Urban Environments

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) have emerged as a platform to support intelligent inter-vehicle communication and improve traffic safety and performance. The road-constrained, high mobility of vehicles, their unbounded power source, and the emergence of roadside wireless infrastructures make VANETs a challenging research topic. A key to the development of protocols for inter-vehicle communication and services lies in the knowledge of the topological characteristics of the VANET communication graph. This paper explores the dynamics of VANETs in urban environments and investigates the impact of these findings in the design of VANET routing protocols. Using both real and realistic mobility traces, we study the networking shape of VANETs under different transmission and market penetration ranges. Given that a number of RSUs have to be deployed for disseminating information to vehicles in an urban area, we also study their impact on vehicular connectivity. Through extensive simulations we investigate the performance of VANET routing protocols by exploiting the knowledge of VANET graphs analysis.Comment: Revised our testbed with even more realistic mobility traces. Used the location of real Wi-Fi hotspots to simulate RSUs in our study. Used a larger, real mobility trace set, from taxis in Shanghai. Examine the implications of our findings in the design of VANET routing protocols by implementing in ns-3 two routing protocols (GPCR & VADD). Updated the bibliography section with new research work

Determining the representative factors affecting warning message dissemination in VANETs

In this paper, we present a statistical analysis based on the 2k factorial methodology to determine the representative factors affecting traffic safety applications in Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Our purpose is to determine what are the key factors affecting Warning Message Dissemination (WMD) in order to concentrate on such parameters, thus reducing the amount of required simulation time when evaluating VANETs. Simulation results show that the key factors affecting warning messages delivery are: (i) the transmission range, (ii) the radio propagation model used, and (iii) the density of vehicles. Based on this statistical analysis, we evaluate a compound key factor: neighbor density. This factor combines the above-mentioned factors into a single entity, reducing the number of factors that must be taken into account for VANET researchers to evaluate the benefits of their proposals.This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain, under Grant TIN2008-06441-C02-01, and by the Fundacion Antonio Gargallo, under Grant 2009/B001.Martínez Domínguez, FJ.; Toh, CK.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM.; Manzoni, P. (2012). Determining the representative factors affecting warning message dissemination in VANETs. Wireless Personal Communications. 67(2):295-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-010-9989-4S295314672Eichler, S. (2007). Performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11p WAVE communication standard. In Proceedings of the vehicular technology conference (VTC-2007 Fall), USA.Fall, K., & Varadhan, K. (2000). ns notes and documents. The VINT Project. UC Berkeley, LBL, USC/ISI, and Xerox PARC. Available at http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html .Fasolo, E., Zanella, A., & Zorzi, M. (2006). An effective broadcast scheme for alert message propagation in vehicular ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Istambul, Turkey.Korkmaz, G., Ekici, E., Ozguner, F., & Ozguner, U. (2004). Urban multi-hop broadcast protocols for inter-vehicle communication systems. In Proceedings of First ACM Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET 2004).Martinez, F. J., Toh, C.-K., Cano, J.-C., Calafate, C. T., & Manzoni, P. (2009). Realistic radio propagation models (RPMs) for VANET simulations. In IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), Budapest, Hungary.Martinez, F. J., Cano, J.-C., Calafate, C. T., & Manzoni, P. (2008). CityMob: A mobility model pattern generator for VANETs. In IEEE vehicular networks and applications workshop (Vehi-Mobi, held with ICC), Beijing, China.Martinez, F. J., Cano, J.-C., Calafate, C. T., & Manzoni, P. (2009). A performance evaluation of warning message dissemination in 802.11p based VANETs. In IEEE local computer networks conference (LCN 2009), Zürich, Switzerland.Torrent-Moreno, M., Santi, P., & Hartenstein, H. (2005). Fair sharing of bandwidth in VANETs. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on vehicular ad hoc networks, Germany.Tseng Y.-C., Ni S.-Y., Chen Y.-S., Sheu J.-P. (2002) The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network. Wireless Networks 8: 153–167Wisitpongphan N., Tonguz O., Parikh J., Mudalige P., Bai F., Sadekar V. (2007) Broadcast storm mitigation techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks. Wireless Communications IEEE 14(6): 84–94. doi: 10.1109/MWC.2007.4407231Yang, X., Liu, J., Zhao, F., & Vaidya, N. H. (2004). A vehicle-to-vehicle communication protocol for cooperative collision warning. In Proceedings of the first annual international conference on mobile and ubiquitous systems: Networking and services (MobiQuitous’04).Yoon, J., Liu, M., & Noble, B. (2003). Random waypoint considered harmful. Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOMM 2003, San Francisco, California, USA.Zang, Y., Stibor, L., Cheng, X., Reumerman, H.-J., Paruzel, A., & Barroso, A. (2007). Congestion control in wireless networks for vehicular safety applications. In Proceedings of the 8th European Wireless Conference, Paris, France

On the Experimental Evaluation of Vehicular Networks: Issues, Requirements and Methodology Applied to a Real Use Case

One of the most challenging fields in vehicular communications has been the experimental assessment of protocols and novel technologies. Researchers usually tend to simulate vehicular scenarios and/or partially validate new contributions in the area by using constrained testbeds and carrying out minor tests. In this line, the present work reviews the issues that pioneers in the area of vehicular communications and, in general, in telematics, have to deal with if they want to perform a good evaluation campaign by real testing. The key needs for a good experimental evaluation is the use of proper software tools for gathering testing data, post-processing and generating relevant figures of merit and, finally, properly showing the most important results. For this reason, a key contribution of this paper is the presentation of an evaluation environment called AnaVANET, which covers the previous needs. By using this tool and presenting a reference case of study, a generic testing methodology is described and applied. This way, the usage of the IPv6 protocol over a vehicle-to-vehicle routing protocol, and supporting IETF-based network mobility, is tested at the same time the main features of the AnaVANET system are presented. This work contributes in laying the foundations for a proper experimental evaluation of vehicular networks and will be useful for many researchers in the area.Comment: in EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems, 201