Pharmaceutical and personal care products-induced stress symptoms and detoxification mechanisms in cucumber plants.

Contamination of agricultural soils by pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) resulting from the application of treated wastewater, biosolids and animal wastes constitutes a potential environmental risk in many countries. To date a handful of studies have considered the phytotoxicity of individual PPCPs in crop plants, however, little is known about the effect of PPCPs as mixtures at environmentally relevant levels. This study investigated the uptake and transport, physiological responses and detoxification of a mixture of 17 PPCPs in cucumber seedlings. All PPCPs were detected at higher concentrations in roots compared to leaves, with root activity inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. At 5-50 μg/L, the mature leaves exhibited burnt edges as well as a reduction in photosynthesis pigments. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation increased with increasing PPCP concentrations; and their contents were greater in roots than in leaves for all PPCP treatments. Enzymes involved in various functions, including oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) and xenobiotic metabolism (peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase), were elevated to different levels depending on the PPCP concentration. Glutathione content gradually increased in leaves, while a maxima occurred at 0.5 μg L-1 PPCPs in roots, followed by a decrease thereafter. This study illustrated the complexity of phytotoxicity after exposure to PPCP mixtures, and provided insights into the molecular mechanisms likely responsible for the detoxification of PPCPs in higher plants

Acetaminophen detoxification in cucumber plants via induction of glutathione S-transferases.

Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) enter agroecosystems during reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids, presenting potential impacts on plant development. Here, acetaminophen, one of the most-used pharmaceuticals, was used to explore roles of glutathione (GSH) conjugation in its biotransformation in crop plants. Acetaminophen was taken up by plants, and conjugated quickly with GSH. After exposure to 5 mg L-1 acetaminophen for 144 h, GSH-acetaminophen conjugates were 15.2 ± 1.3 nmol g-1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 nmol g-1 in cucumber roots and leaves, respectively. Glutathione-acetaminophen was also observed in common bean, alfalfa, tomato, and wheat. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 decreased GSH conjugation. Moreover, the GSH conjugate was found to further convert to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated after exposure to acetaminophen, while levels of GSH decreased by 55.4% in roots after 48 h, followed by a gradual recovery thereafter. Enzymes involved in GSH synthesis, regeneration and transport were consistently induced to maintain the GSH homeostasis. Therefore, GST-mediated conjugation likely played a crucial role in minimizing phytotoxicity of acetaminophen and other PPCPs in plants

Investigating the removal of some pharmaceutical compounds in hospital wastewater treatment plants operating in Saudi Arabia

The concentrations of 12 pharmaceutical compounds (atenolol, erythromycin, cyclophosphamide, paracetamol, bezafibrate, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, caffeine, clarithromycin, lidocaine, sulfamethoxazole and Nacetylsulfamethoxazol (NACS)) were investigated in the influents and effluents of two hospital wastewater treatment plants (HWWTPs) in Saudi Arabia. The majority of the target analytes were detected in the influent samples apart from bezafibrate, cyclophosphamide, and erythromycin. Caffeine and paracetamol were detected in the influent at particularly high concentrations up to 75 and 12 ug/L, respectively. High removal efficiencies of the pharmaceutical compounds were observed in both HWWTPs, with greater than 90 % removal on average. Paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole, NACS, ciprofloxacin, and caffeine were eliminated by between >95 and >99 % on average. Atenolol, carbamazepine, and clarithromycin were eliminated by >86 % on average. Of particular interest were the high removal efficiencies of carbamazepine and antibiotics that were achieved by the HWWTPs; these compounds have been reported to be relatively recalcitrant to biological treatment and are generally only partially removed. Elevated temperatures and high levels of sunlight were considered to be the main factors that enhanced the removal of these compounds

Fate of drugs during wastewater treatment

This is the post-print version of the final paper published in TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. The published article is available from the link below. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Copyright @ 2013 Elsevier B.V.Recent trends in the determination of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewaters focus on the development of rapid multi-residue methods. This review addresses recent analytical trends in drug determination in environmental matrices used to facilitate fate studies. Analytical requirements for further fate evaluation and tertiary process selection and optimization are also discussed.EPSRC, Northumbrian Water, Anglian Water, Severn Trent Water, Yorkshire Water, and United Utilities

Uptake and Accumulation of Pharmaceuticals and Hormones in Vegetables after Irrigation with Reuse Water

The widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and steroid hormones in watersheds has been recognized as an emerging environmental issue. The potential uptake and accumulation of these emerging contaminants by food plants that are irrigated with contaminated water could be a food safety issue. In the present project, uptake, translocation, accumulation, and depuration of seven PPCPs and three steroid hormones in lettuce and tomato plants were investigated using hydroponic cultures with compound concentrations of 0.5, 50, or 500 μg L-1 and several exposure scenarios. An isotopic dilution method was developed for the analysis of trace levels of PPCPs and hormones in food plants using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), combined with ultrasonication-shaking extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup. For lettuce plants, all targeted PPCPs and hormones were detected in the roots. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PPCPs and hormones in lettuce roots were more than 1, indicating these emerging contaminants can be bound to or taken up by the plant roots. In lettuce leaves, only caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CBZ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMO) showed very high BAF values compared to other targeted PPCPs and hormones, indicating that these three compounds can easily translocate from lettuce roots to leaves and thereby accumulate in plant leaves. For tomato plants, all PPCPs and hormones were detected in the roots. By contrast, the translocation factor (TF) values of all targeted compounds except CAF and CBZ were very small in tomato plants, implying their poor translocation from roots to above-ground plant parts following uptake. The BAFs of all targeted hormones in tomato fruits were much less than 1, suggesting that hormone contamination of tomato fruits after irrigation with contaminated water could be negligible. In addition, exposure study showed that accumulation of PPCPs and hormones may rapidly reach a steady level (< 1 week) in lettuce plants with exposure through contaminated water. Lettuce plants also appear to have a potential to metabolize accumulated PPCPs, with the exception of triclosan (TCS) in roots and sulfamethoxazole (SMO) in leaves. Hormones did not exhibit any tendency to depurate. Comparing protective estimates of human exposure in lettuce leaves and acceptable daily intake (ADI) values suggests that CBZ and ethinylestradiol (EE2) could exceed their ADIs under some circumstances.Ope

A network biology-based approach to evaluating the effect of environmental contaminants on human interactome and diseases

Environmental contaminant exposure can pose significant risks to human health. Therefore, evaluating the impact of this exposure is of great importance; however, it is often difficult because both the molecular mechanism of disease and the mode of action of the contaminants are complex. We used network biology techniques to quantitatively assess the impact of environmental contaminants on the human interactome and diseases with a particular focus on seven major contaminant categories: persistent organic pollutants (POPs), dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, perfluorochemicals (PFCs), metals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). We integrated publicly available data on toxicogenomics, the diseasome, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and gene essentiality and found that a few contaminants were targeted to many genes, and a few genes were targeted by many contaminants. The contaminant targets were hub proteins in the human PPI network, whereas the target proteins in most categories did not contain abundant essential proteins. Generally, contaminant targets and disease-associated proteins were closely associated with the PPI network, and the closeness of the associations depended on the disease type and chemical category. Network biology techniques were used to identify environmental contaminants with broad effects on the human interactome and contaminant-sensitive biomarkers. Moreover, this method enabled us to quantify the relationship between environmental contaminants and human diseases, which was supported by epidemiological and experimental evidence. These methods and findings have facilitated the elucidation of the complex relationship between environmental exposure and adverse health outcomes.Comment: 35 pages, 12 figure

Environmentally friendly analysis of emerging contaminants by pressurized hot water extraction-stir bar sorptive extraction-derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

This work describes the development, optimiza- tion, and validation of a new method for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of pharmaceuticals (beta- blockers, lipid regulators ... ) and personal care products (fragrances, UV filters, phthalates ... ) in both aqueous and solid environmental matrices. Target compounds were extracted from sediments using pressurized hot water ex- traction followed by stir bar sorptive extraction. The first stage was performed at 1,500 psi during three static extrac- tion cycles of 5 min each after optimizing the extraction temperature (50 – 150 °C) and addition of organic modifiers (% methanol) to water, the extraction solvent. Next, aqueous extracts and water samples were processed using polydime- thylsiloxane bars. Several parameters were optimized for this technique, including extraction and desorption time, ionic strength, presence of organic modifiers, and pH. Fi- nally, analytes were extracted from the bars by ultrasonic irradiation using a reduced amount of solvent (0.2 mL) prior to derivatization and gas chromatography – mass spectrome- try analysis. The optimized protocol uses minimal amounts of organic solvents (<10 mL/sample) and time ( ≈ 8 h/sam- ple) compared to previous ex isting methodologies. Low standard deviation (usually below 10 %) and limits of de- tection (sub-ppb) vouch for the applicability of the method- ology for the analysis of target compounds at trace levels. Once developed, the method was applied to determin

Use of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in reclaiming micro-filtered biologically treated sewage effluent for irrigation

Micro-filtered, biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) generally has high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) concentrations. Therefore it cannot be directly used for irrigating sensitive crops. A study was conducted on a micro-filtered BTSE from a Sydney water treatment plant to determine whether the BTSE can be treated using nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) to bring these risk parameters within safety limits. The study showed that using NF and RO alone could not produce the required ratio of SAR. Furthermore, NF alone did not remove the necessary levels of Na and Cl ions while RO did. However, blending equal proportions of NF permeate and RO permeate obtained from a two stages hybrid treatment system consisting of NF followed by RO resulted in a product quality suitable for irrigation in terms of the above mentioned risk factors. Utilizing NF prior to RO reduced the RO membrane fouling as well. Both NF and RO removed most of the pharmaceutical and personal care products from the feed water and this may subsequently protect soil and ground water from potential hazards

Analytical methodologies for the determination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in sewage sludge: A critical review

Producción CientíficaSeveral analytical approaches have been developed for the determination of emerging pollutants (EPs), including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental matrices. This paper reviews the sample preparation and instrumental methods proposed in the last few years (2012e2018) to assess PPCPs in sewage sludge. Three main steps are examined: extraction, clean-up and analysis. Sample preparation is critical as target compounds are normally found at low concentrations in complex matrices. Most procedures include sewage sludge pretreatment mostly through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) although other novel techniques such as QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) or MSPD (matrix solid-phase dispersion) have been also employed. In one report, no differences in extraction efficiency were detected among the most commonly used extraction techniques such as ultrasound, microwave and pressurized liquid. Clean-up usually involves a conventional method such as solid phase extraction (SPE). This step is needed to appreciably reduce matrix suppression, and is followed by an instrumental analysis using techniques of preference such as gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC), mostly coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). A fully automated on-line system that includes extraction, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry in one-stage is here presented as a novel way of determining PPCPs in sewage sludge. This review also discusses the advantages and limitations of the different techniques used. Miniaturizing analytical techniques use of novel solid and liquid phase materials are emerging as efficient options that fulfill the principles of so-called "green chemistry".This study was supported by the Spanish Government (MINECO-CTM2015-70722-R) as well as by the Regional Government of Castilla y Le on and European Union through the FEDER Funding Program (CLU 2017e09, UIC 071 and Red Novedar). Nereida P erez-Lemus and Rebeca L opez-Serna acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for research grants (predoctoral CTM2015-70722-R and Juan de la Cierva Incorporaci on JCI-2015-23304, respectively)