Agricultural scene understanding

The author has identified the following significant results. The LACIE field measurement data were radiometrically calibrated. Calibration enabled valid comparisons of measurements from different dates, sensors, and/or locations. Thermal band canopy results included: (1) Wind velocity had a significant influence on the overhead radiance temperature and the effect was quantized. Biomass and soil temperatures, temperature gradient, and canopy geometry were altered. (2) Temperature gradient was a function of wind velocity. (3) Temperature gradient of the wheat canopy was relatively constant during the day. (4) The laser technique provided good quality geometric characterization

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationThe optical properties of lightning observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite between 1998 and 2010 are described and examined in the context of how they interrelate, when and where they occur globally, the nature of the cloud environment they illuminate, and the properties of the parent thunderstorm. Daytime (nighttime) flashes that occur over the open ocean are shown to be 31.7% (39.8%) larger and 55.2% (75.1%) brighter than flashes over land. Three factors are proposed that determine the size of the illuminated region: the brightness of the flash, the scattering properties of the cloud medium, and the structure of the electrical breakdown. Some of these results are explored using a Monte-Carlo radiative transfer model. The properties of TRMM Radar Precipitation Features (RPFs) that produce exceptionally large, long-lasting, and optically bright lightning flashes are compared to typical storms. RPFs over land with exceptionally large lightning flashes are up to three times larger than typical RPF thunderstorms and are considerably stronger. Coastal and oceanic RPFs with exceptionally large lightning flashes, as well as RPFs with exceptionally long lasting or bright flashes are also considerably larger and stronger than typical thunderstorms. Finally, high-altitude aircraft passive microwave and electric field observations taken by the NASA ER-2 over the course of multiple field campaigns are used to examine relationships between the properties of electrified clouds and above-cloud electric fields. A retrieval algorithm is created that is capable of estimating above-cloud electric fields from 85 GHz or 37 GHz passive microwave observations. The 37 GHz estimates are only valid over land since the ocean surface appears "cold" at 37 GHz and can reproduce the observed electric fields to within a factor of two 60% of the time. By comparison, the 85 GHz estimates fall within a factor of two of observations more than 70% of the time over land, but the 85 GHz routine is valid for both land and ocean cases. Individual cases are examined, and methods for improving the routine before applying it to satellite observations to study the Global Electric Circuit are discussed

The wrong Wright stuff : mapping human error in aviation

The Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) was instituted to aid the Federal Aviation Administration in tracking trends in aviation incidents so that, ultimately, safety measures and training could be implemented to decrease the occurrence of accidents and incidents within the industry. The current system relies on hand coding of reports to recognize current trends and alert the proper parties. Although the filing party may enter some codified data describing the surrounding scenario (e.g., time of day, weather), there is no opportunity to specify a category if the problem is human error. Considering the prevalence of human error within these incidents (around 55% based on a report by Boeing, 2006), a greater understanding of the driving factors is needed. The current study was an investigation of the human error components of airline incident reports. Text analysis tools were applied to ASRS incident narrative reports to determine a classification based on human performance for commercial and general aviation. The results from the current study demonstrate that an empirically based approach can be used to uncover latent categories within the Flight Crew Human Performance\u27 classified reports. The combined approach of latent semantic analysis, k-means clustering, and keyword analysis were used successfully in developing a nine element classification of commercial aviation reports and twelve element classification of general aviation reports. The taxonomies suggested by the current study for both commercial and general aviation reveal categories beyond just human error elements. The classification scheme suggested for the commercial aviation reports most closely resembled the ACCERS taxonomy developed by Krokos and Baker (2005; see also Baker & Krokos, 2007), which was constructed to help in categorizing all incident reports. The classification suggested for general aviation reports did not closely resemble any existing classification scheme. Although the suggested taxonomy shared categories such as situational awareness and communication with classifications such as crew resource management (CRM) or single pilot resource management (SRM), the current classification also holds non-human elements such as weather and context. The taxonomies for both commercial and general aviation revealed a category for context, and the difficulty of flying into certain airports was apparent. These findings can be implemented to improve training programs by assisting in the creation of contextually based training scenarios. Furthermore, based on findings for general aviation in particular, pilots could benefit from increased training in situational awareness and monitoring of notices and airspace

Query Processing In Location-based Services

With the advances in wireless communication technology and advanced positioning systems, a variety of Location-Based Services (LBS) become available to the public. Mobile users can issue location-based queries to probe their surrounding environments. One important type of query in LBS is moving monitoring queries over mobile objects. Due to the high frequency in location updates and the expensive cost of continuous query processing, server computation capacity and wireless communication bandwidth are the two limiting factors for large-scale deployment of moving object database systems. To address both of the scalability factors, distributed computing has been considered. These schemes enable moving objects to participate as a peer in query processing to substantially reduce the demand on server computation, and wireless communications associated with location updates. In the first part of this dissertation, we propose a distributed framework to process moving monitoring queries over moving objects in a spatial network environment. In the second part of this dissertation, in order to reduce the communication cost, we leverage both on-demand data access and periodic broadcast to design a new hybrid distributed solution for moving monitoring queries in an open space environment. Location-based services make our daily life more convenient. However, to receive the services, one has to reveal his/her location and query information when issuing locationbased queries. This could lead to privacy breach if these personal information are possessed by some untrusted parties. In the third part of this dissertation, we introduce a new privacy protection measure called query l-diversity, and provide two cloaking algorithms to achieve both location kanonymity and query l-diversity to better protect user privacy. In the fourth part of this dissertation, we design a hybrid three-tier architecture to help reduce privacy exposure. In the fifth part of this dissertation, we propose to use Road Network Embedding technique to process privacy protected queries

Growth of tree species and hydrology in managed forested peatlands, Quebec

Le bilan hydrique des tourbières forestières est régi par une combinaison complexe de processus hydrologiques. Relativement stable en milieu naturel, ce bilan est facilement bouleversé par les activités d’aménagement forestier qui affectent le couvert végétal. Cette thèse de doctorat avait pour objectif d’étudier certaines interrelations existant entre la productivité forestière, la compétition pour les ressources et l’hydrologie des tourbières forestières du Québec. Le premier chapitre visait à déterminer s’il était pertinent d’utiliser le drainage forestier afin de transformer des pessières noires improductives en sites productifs. Les résultats ont démontré que même si ce traitement avait significativement augmenté la croissance de certains arbres, seul le drainage intensif utilisant des fossés rapprochés permettrait la conversion de tels peuplements. Les quatre autres chapitres visaient à évaluer l’influence de la végétation sur le contrôle des processus hydrologiques et indirectement sur la croissance forestière. La nappe phréatique a été mesurée dans une tourbière forestière pré-mature afin d’évaluer son comportement à la suite du drainage et à la récolte (Chapitre 2). Des mesures comparables ont été effectuées afin de mesurer la remontée de la nappe phréatique causée par l’éclaircie précommerciale sur des sites humides drainées et fortement régénérés (Chapitre 3). Ces deux études ont démontré l’influence significative de la végétation forestière sur le contrôle de la nappe phréatique en milieux forestiers humides. Puisque cette végétation possède une influence évidente sur la nappe phréatique, la croissance d’une tige devrait être favorisée par la présence immédiate de voisins. Le rôle du drainage biologique (Chapitre 4) ainsi que l’effet de la présence de compétition (Chapitre 5) sur la croissance ont été évalués pour des sites drainés. Il a été démontré que le pouvoir de contrôle de la nappe phréatique que possède la végétation est favorable à la croissance forestière, mais uniquement dans certaines situations particulières. Il semble donc pertinent de recommander des pratiques sylvicoles qui préservent une proportion considérable de la végétation sur les tourbières forestières.The water budget of forested peatland sites is regulated by a complex combination of hydrological processes. Relatively stable in natural environments, this budget is exposed to major changes by forest management activities affecting the tree canopy. This Ph.D. thesis aimed to study the specific interrelations existing between growth and yield of tree species, above-ground competition, and hydrology of Quebec forested peatlands. The first chapter aimed to determine the pertinence of using drainage to transform unproductive black spruce stands into productive ones. Results showed that even if tree growth was significantly increased by drainage, only intensive drainage using narrow ditch spacing would enable stand productivity improvement. The four other chapters intended to evaluate the influence of the vegetation on the regulation of hydrological processes and, indirectly, tree growth. The water table has been monitored on a pre-mature forested peatland site to evaluate its behaviour following drainage and harvesting (Chapter 2). Comparable water table monitoring has been done in densely regenerated post-harvest and drained peatland sites to measure the watering-up after precommercial thinning (Chapter 3). Both studies demonstrated the valuable water table regulation capacities of the treed vegetation in forested peatlands. Since this vegetation has an evident influence on soil growing conditions, tree growth should be affected by the presence of neighbours. The role of biological drainage (Chapter 4) and the presence of competition (Chapter 5) on growth have been evaluated for drained sites. The water table regulation power of the vegetation stratum was found to be favourable to tree growth, but only in specific situations. Management practices that preserve notable amount of vegetation on forested peatland stands seem to be the most pertinent guideline that should be considered in these fragile ecosystems

Introducing BASE: the Biomes of Australian Soil Environments soil microbial diversity database

Microbial inhabitants of soils are important to ecosystem and planetary functions, yet there are large gaps in our knowledge of their diversity and ecology. The ‘Biomes of Australian Soil Environments’ (BASE) project has generated a database of microbial diversity with associated metadata across extensive environmental gradients at continental scale. As the characterisation of microbes rapidly expands, the BASE database provides an evolving platform for interrogating and integrating microbial diversity and function

Evaluation of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Cloud Base Height (CBH) Pixel-level Retrieval Algorithm for Single-layer Water Clouds

Evaluation of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Cloud Base Height (CBH) product was accomplished. CBH is an important factor for aviation, but a lack of coverage for ground-based retrieval is a significant limitation. Space-based retrieval is essential; therefore, the VIIRS CBH pixel-level retrieval algorithm was assessed for single-layer water clouds. Accurate (truth) measurements were needed not only for the CBH product, but also for VIIRS cloud optical thickness (COT), effective particle size (EPS), and cloud top height (CTH). Data from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites were used, with VIIRS-ARM matchups created from June 2013 through October 2015 for four locations. After initial CBH results were large and highly variable, the VIIRS CTH product was replaced with the ARM (truth) CTH product. This substantially reduced variability and errors in the VIIRS CBH products, demonstrating that the CBH algorithm is fundamentally sound. Thus, future research is needed to reduce errors in the VIIRS CTH products in order to ensure the CBH products are suitable for aviation support