FMCG brand, supermarket chain and consumer relationships

The new FMCG (fast-moving consumer goods) landscape has increasingly been dominated by large retail chain stores that are highly concentrated. In the FMCG equation, the locus of power has shifted from manufacturers to retailers, particularly to large supermarket chains. Accepted views of brands have however tended to put emphasis on the relationship of manufacturer brands with consumers, thereby largely neglecting brand – reseller relationships. This has been identified as a gap in the literature. The research intends to address this gap by adopting a holistic study that encompasses a three-way brand, supermarket chain, and consumer relationship. The objective of the study is theory building

“You Got To Know Us”: A Hopeful Model for Music Education in Urban Schools

Urban schools, and the students and teachers within, are often characterized by a metanarrative of deficit and crisis, causing the complex realities of urban education to remain unclear behind a wall of assumptions and stereotypes. Within music education, urban schools have received limited but increasing attention from researchers. However, voices from practitioners are often missing from this dialogue, and the extant scholarly dialogue has had a very limited effect on music teacher education. In this article, five music educators with a combined thirty years of experience in urban schools examine aspects of their experiences in the light of critical pedagogy in an attempt to disrupt the metanarrative of deficit, crisis, and decline that continues to surround urban music education. By promoting the lived-stories of successful urban music students, teachers, and programs, the authors hope to situate urban music education as a site of renewal, reform, and meaningful learning. This paper emerged from a panel discussion regarding promising practices in secondary general music with urban youth that took place at the New Directions in Music Education conference held at Michigan State University in October of 2011

The Flemish movement and Flemish nationalism: instruments, historiography and debates

This article gives a concise overview of the historiography of the Flemish movement and the Belgian nationality conflict. It addresses the main working instruments and scientific infrastructure. Furthermore it provides an overview of the basic works and the most significant literature in English, French and German. It detects the theoretical frameworks and gives a brief overview of the smouldering historiographical debates: the social players of the Flemish movement in the 19th century; the impact of World War I on Flemish nation building; the Flemish movement during the interwar years and World War II; the ideological developments of the Flemish movement and the Belgian state reform after World War II

Molecular Genetic Diversity Study of Forest Coffee Tree (Coffea arabica L.) Populations in Ethiopia: Implications for Conservation and Breeding

Coffee provides one of the most widely drunk beverages in the world, and is a very important source of foreign exchange income for many countries. Coffea arabica, which contributes over 70 percent of the world's coffee productions, is characterized by a low genetic diversity, attributed to its allopolyploidy origin, reproductive biology and evolution. C. arabica has originated in the southwest rain forests of Ethiopia, where it is grown under four different systems, namely forest coffee, small holders coffee, semi plantation coffee and plantation coffee. Genetic diversity of the forest coffee (C. arabica) gene pool in Ethiopia is being lost at an alarming rate because of habitat destruction (deforestation), competition from other cash crops and replacement by invariable disease resistant coffee cultivars. This study focused on molecular genetic diversity study of forest coffee populations in Ethiopia using PCR based DNA markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inverse sequence-tagged repeat (ISTR), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellites. The objectives of the study are to estimate the extent and distribution of molecular genetic diversity of forest coffee and to design conservation strategies for it’s sustainable use in future coffee breeding. In this study, considerable samples of forest coffee collected from four coffee growing regions (provinces) of Ethiopia were analysed. The results indicate that moderate genetic diversity exists within and among few forest coffee populations, which need due attention from a conservation and breeding point of view. The cluster analysis revealed that most of the samples from the same region (province) were grouped together which could be attributed to presence of substantial gene flow between adjacent populations in each region in the form of young coffee plants through transplantation by man. In addition wild animals such as monkeys also play a significant role in coffee trees gene flow between adjacent populations. The overall variation of the forest coffee is found to reside in few populations from each region. Therefore, considering few populations from each region for either in situ or ex situ conservation may preserve most of the variation within the species. For instance, Welega-2, Ilubabor-2, Jima-2 and Bench Maji-2 populations should be given higher priority. In addition, some populations or genotypes have displayed unique amplification profiles particularly for RAPD and ISTR markers. Whether these unique bands are linked to any of the important agronomic traits and serve in marker assisted selections in future coffee breeding requires further investigations

Flanders

The higher education system in Flanders comprises 8 universities and 29 nonuniversity higher education institutions (colleges of higher education: hogescholen). Furthermore, there is a Royal Military Academy and a Protestant Theological Faculty in Brussels. Although higher education in Flanders is divided into university education and non-university education, it is questionable whether the Flemish system is a genuine example of the binary model